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N4Lesson notes · Sep 29, 2026

Old in Japanese: 古ふるい, 年としをとった, 年上としうえ and which "old" you mean

"Old" in Japanese is 古ふるい (furui) for things, information and habits, but for a person's age you say 年としをとった (toshi wo totta) or 年配ねんぱいの方ほう (nenpai no kata) — and calling someone 古ふるい人ひと does not mean "old person," it means "old-fashioned person."

English uses one small word for a house, a joke, a friend and a grandfather. Japanese splits that word into several, and the split is exactly where learners get hurt: 古ふるい is safe on a building and risky on a human being. Here is how to pick the right "old" every time.

The basics

What is the everyday word for "old" (not new)?

古ふるい. It is an い-adjective, and it means "not new, from a long time ago." Use it for objects, buildings, ideas, information and habits.

この家いえは古ふるいです。 — This house is old. (polite, a building that has been around a long time) その情報じょうほうは古ふるいよ。 — That information is out of date. (casual) 古ふるい本ほんを読よむのが好すきです。 — I like reading old books. (polite)

The opposite is 新あたらしい (atarashii), "new." If the English "old" could be replaced with "not new," you almost always want 古ふるい.

Why can't I say 古ふるい人ひと for an old person?

Because 古ふるい attached to a person points at their ideas, not their age. 古ふるい人ひと means someone with outdated thinking, or occasionally someone who has been around a long time. It is not a neutral way to say "an elderly person," and to someone's face it can sound like an insult.

あの人ひとは考え方かんがえかたが古ふるい。 — That person's way of thinking is old-fashioned. (casual, and not very kind) 古ふるい人ひとだなあ。 — What an old-fashioned person. (casual, a mild dig)

This is the single most common trap for English speakers, because the dictionary gives you "old = 古ふるい" and nothing warns you that people are the exception.

How do I say a person is old (in age)?

Use 年としをとった (年としを取とった), literally "took years." It describes someone who has aged, and it is gentle enough for ordinary conversation.

年としをとった俳優はいゆうが出でてくる映画えいがです。 — It's a movie with an older actor in it. (polite) 祖父そふは年としをとったけど、元気げんきです。 — My grandfather has gotten old, but he's healthy. (polite)

If you want to be more respectful, use 年配ねんぱいの方ほう for "an older person" and お年寄としより for "elderly people." In writing and news, 高齢こうれいの (as in 高齢こうれいの方ほう) is the formal choice. The full politeness comparison lives in our guide to elderly in Japanese, so I will not repeat it here. One warning: 老人ろうじん (roujin) is a real word, but it can sound blunt when you say it about a person in front of you.

What you mean Say this Feel
An old thing, building, idea 古ふるい Neutral
An old-fashioned person 古ふるい人ひと / 考え方かんがえかたが古ふるい Critical
A person who has aged 年としをとった Gentle, everyday
An older person, politely 年配ねんぱいの方ほう Polite, safe
Elderly people お年寄としより Warm, everyday
Aged, formal writing 高齢こうれいの Formal, impersonal
Elderly person, blunt 老人ろうじん Can sound rude

Beyond the basics

Is 年としをとった an adjective?

A learner once asked exactly this, and it is a sharp question. 年としをとった looks like an adjective in front of a noun, but it is a verb: the past form of 年としをとる ("to age"), placed before the noun to describe it. The same mechanism appears all over Japanese.

年としをとった猫ねこ — an old cat (a verb in the past form describing the cat) 結婚けっこんした人ひと — a person who is married (same mechanism) 眼鏡めがねをかけた人ひと — a person wearing glasses (same mechanism) 太ふとった猫ねこ — a fat cat (literally "a cat that has gained weight")

The past form here does not really mean "past." It describes a state that came about and is still true: the cat aged, and now it is old. Compare 年としをとっている, the progressive form.

父ちちは年としをとっている。 — My father is getting older. (casual, ongoing process or current state) 年としをとった父ちち — my aged father (the finished state, used to describe him)

Rule of thumb: use 〜た before a noun to describe a result, and 〜ている at the end of a sentence to talk about the state or change happening now.

How do I say "older than" or "an older sibling"?

That is 年上としうえ (toshiue), "above in years." Its opposite is 年下としした (toshishita), "younger." Never use 年としをとる for comparison.

兄あには私わたしより三みっつ年上としうえです。 — My brother is three years older than me. (polite) 年上としうえの友ともだちが多おおいです。 — I have a lot of friends who are older than me. (polite)

年下としした only compares two people, so to say someone is simply young, use 若わかい, and young in Japanese shows how 若わかく見みえますね works as a compliment about looks.

If age hierarchy in Japanese interests you, the closely related senpai and kouhai relationship explains why 年上としうえ matters so much socially.

What about "old friend," "old days" and "my old school"?

Here English "old" means "of long standing" or "former," and 古ふるい often gets it wrong.

English Natural Japanese Why not 古ふるい?
old friend (long time) 昔むかしからの友ともだち / 古ふるくからの友人ゆうじん 古ふるい友ともだち works but sounds stiff
the old days 昔むかし 古ふるい日ひ is not a phrase
my old school 前まえの学校がっこう / 母校ぼこう 古ふるい学校がっこう = a school building that is old

昔むかしからの友ともだちと会あいます。 — I'm meeting a friend I've known for a long time. (polite) 昔むかしはよくここで遊あそびました。 — In the old days, I often played here. (polite) 前まえの学校がっこうでは制服せいふくがありました。 — At my old school, there was a uniform. (polite)

古ふるくからの友人ゆうじん is fine in writing or speeches. In casual talk, 昔むかしからの友ともだち wins.

Where does 古ふるい show up against 流行はやり?

Trend talk is another place 古ふるい is the right word: something that is no longer popular is 古ふるい, and something popular is 人気にんき or 流行はやり. If you want that contrast, see popular in Japanese.

How does "old" sound in anime?

Anime uses these words with a lot of attitude, so hearing them helps you sort out the rude ones.

年寄としより扱あつかいするな! — Don't treat me like an old person! (casual, angry, from a proud veteran character) 古臭ふるくさいなあ。 — That's so fusty. (casual, an insult about ideas or style) 俺おれも年ねんだな。 — I'm getting old too. (male speech, casual, a tired sigh) おっさんは黙だまってろ。 — Old man, be quiet. (very casual, rude)

おっさん is casual and rude when aimed at someone else, though people sometimes use it about themselves as a joke. Do not use it on people you do not know well.

How do I ask "How old are you?"

Not with any of the above. You ask 何歳なんさいですか (polite) or おいくつですか (softer, very polite). See how to say your age in Japanese for the full pattern.

Common mistakes

  • Saying 古ふるい人ひと for an elderly person. It means old-fashioned. Use 年配ねんぱいの方ほう or お年寄としより instead.
  • Saying 古ふるい友達ともだち when you mean a close, long friendship. It sounds stiff or like the friend is worn out. Say 昔むかしからの友ともだち.
  • Using 年としをとる where you want 年上としうえ. 年としをとる describes aging. 年上としうえ compares ages: 私わたしより年上としうえです, not 私わたしより年としをとります.
  • Forgetting the て-form difference. 年としをとっている describes something changing or continuing. 年としをとった before a noun labels the result.
  • Calling a school 古ふるい when you mean "my former school." That describes the building. Say 前まえの学校がっこう or 母校ぼこう.

Practice

Questions 1 and 2 are a pair, and so are 5 and 6. Try to build each answer before you open it.

1. You want to say "This computer is old." Which word do you use: 古ふるい or 年としをとった?

Show answer

このパソコンは古ふるいです — it is a thing, so 古ふるい. 年としをとった is only for beings that age.

2. You want to say "That actor is old." Which word do you use?

Show answer

あの俳優はいゆうは年としをとりました (or 年としをとっています) — a person aging, so 年としをとった, not 古ふるい. 古ふるい俳優はいゆう would mean an old-fashioned actor.

3. What does 古ふるい人ひと usually mean?

Show answer

An old-fashioned person — 古ふるい points at ideas and habits when used for people, not their age.

4. Politely say "an older person asked me for directions."

Show answer

年配ねんぱいの方ほうが道みちを聞きいてきました — 年配ねんぱいの方ほう is polite and does not say exactly how old the person is.

5. Say "My brother is older than me." Which word fits: 年上としうえ or 年としをとった?

Show answer

兄あには私わたしより年上としうえです — comparing ages needs 年上としうえ. 年としをとった does not compare.

6. Say "My grandfather has gotten old." Which word fits?

Show answer

祖父そふは年としをとりました (or 年としをとっています) — this describes one person aging, with no comparison, so 年としをとる and not 年上としうえ.

7. Which is a more natural way to say "an old friend" for someone you have known for many years?

Show answer

昔むかしからの友ともだち — it says the friendship goes back a long way. 古ふるい友ともだち sounds stiff.

8. Why is 古ふるい学校がっこう a poor translation of "my old school"?

Show answer

It describes an old building. For "my former school," say 前まえの学校がっこう or 母校ぼこう.

9. 年としをとった猫ねこ and 太ふとった猫ねこ use the same pattern. What is it?

Show answer

A verb in the past form placed before a noun — it describes a state that came about and still holds, like "a cat that has aged" and "a cat that has gained weight."

10. You hear 年寄としより扱あつかいするな in an anime. Is the speaker happy?

Show answer

No, they are annoyed — 扱あつかいするな means "don't treat me as," so the speaker is refusing to be treated like an old person.

A trial lesson is a good place to describe an old house with 古ふるい and an older relative with 年配ねんぱいの方ほう or 年上としうえ, and see why 古ふるい人ひと does not mean an old person.

FAQ

Can I use 古ふるい to say a person is old? Not for age. 古ふるい人ひと means an old-fashioned person. For age, say 年としをとった, or use 年配ねんぱいの方ほう to be polite.

Is 老人ろうじん rude? It is a real word, but it can sound blunt when talking about someone present. お年寄としより and 年配ねんぱいの方ほう are safer in conversation.

What is the difference between 年としをとった and 年としをとっている? 年としをとった before a noun labels a finished state ("an aged actor"). 年としをとっている at the end of a sentence describes the state or process going on now ("he's getting older").

How do I say "older" for a sibling? Use 年上としうえ: 年上としうえの兄あに, 年上としうえの姉あね. The opposite is 年下としした.

Is 古ふるい ever polite to say about someone? For a relationship, sometimes: 古ふるくからの友人ゆうじん is respectful. But 古ふるい alone about a person's character is a criticism.

How do I say "How old are you?" 何歳なんさいですか, or おいくつですか when you want to sound softer.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

古い	ふるい — old (not new)
新しい	あたらしい — new
年をとる	としをとる — to age, to get old
年配の方	ねんぱいのかた — an older person (polite)
お年寄り	おとしより — elderly people
高齢	こうれい — advanced age (formal)
老人	ろうじん — old person (can sound blunt)
年上	としうえ — older (in age)
年下	としした — younger (in age)
昔	むかし — the old days
昔からの友だち	むかしからのともだち — a friend of long standing
母校	ぼこう — one's alma mater
前の学校	まえのがっこう — one's former school
古臭い	ふるくさい — fusty, old-fashioned
おっさん	おっさん — old guy (casual, rude)
何歳	なんさい — how old
おいくつ	おいくつ — how old (polite)

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, so most of the example sentences on this blog come from lines I've actually heard students ask about — including this one, which comes up whenever learners try to describe someone's age. For practice with feedback, Book a trial lesson · $13, or work through Japanese practice exercises first.

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4 · Read something at this level: JLPT N4 stories with audio

More “Describing Things: Japanese Adjectives & Opposites” articles →

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