LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

〜とおもいます: the quotation particle, and why です never goes in front of it

と is the quotation particle: it wraps a whole sentence so another verb can report it. The sentence inside must be in **plain form**, because politeness belongs to the outer verb. たかいですとおもいます is wrong; たかいとおもいます is right, and it is already polite.

This is the grammar that lets you have opinions in Japanese, and the plain-form rule is the one thing standing between most beginners and saying what they think.

The basics

The shape

[plain-form sentence] + と + おもう /

このみせたかいとおもいます。 — I think this place is expensive. (polite — たかい is plain inside, おもいます carries the politeness) かれないといました。 — He said he isn't coming. (polite past)

The と is doing exactly what quotation marks do in English, except it comes after the quoted part instead of surrounding it.

What goes in front of と

Word type Form inside と Example
Verb plain くとおもいます
い-adjective plain たかいとおもいます
な-adjective 便利べんりだとおもいます
Noun 学生がくせいだとおもいます

な-adjectives and nouns keep their だ here — the opposite of what happens before かもしれない, where the だ is deleted. Two grammar points, two opposite rules, and both are common enough that mixing them up is noticeable.

この方法ほうほう便利べんりだとおもいます。 — I think this method is convenient. (polite — だ kept)

Politeness goes on the outside

The point of the plain-form rule is that a Japanese sentence carries its register once, at the end. Piling です inside a quote is like saying "I think that it is expensive, sir, politely" — the politeness is in the wrong place. If the だ/です split is clear to you, this follows from it.

Beyond the basics

Put the negative inside, not outside

English says "I don't think he'll come." Japanese overwhelmingly prefers the negative inside the quote:

かれないとおもいます。 — I don't think he'll come. (polite — natural)

るとおもいません is grammatical but sounds odd and slightly emphatic, like insisting you hold no such thought. Almost every time, negate the inner sentence.

おもいます vs おもっています

This one is a genuine rule, not a nuance:

Form Whose thought Example
〜とおもいます Your own, right now たかいとおもいます
〜とおもっています An ongoing thought, or someone else's かれきたいとおもっています

You cannot say かれきたいとおもいます. In Japanese you do not have direct access to another person's mind, so their thoughts are reported as ongoing states with the teiru form — or hedged with らしい, ようだ or そうだ.

将来しょうらい日本にほんはたらきたいとおもっています。 — I'm thinking of working in Japan in the future. (polite — an intention held over time, about yourself)

For yourself, おもっています signals a settled, longer-held view; おもいます is what you think at this moment.

Reported speech: っていました

田中たなかさんは明日あしたやすむとっていました。 — Tanaka said he's taking tomorrow off. (polite past)

いました reports the act of saying; っていました reports the content and is what you actually use when passing a message on. If you want to name a source more formally, that is 〜によると.

The casual って

In speech, って replaces と constantly:

無理むりだっておもった。 — I thought it was impossible. (casual) 明日あしたあめだって。 — Apparently it'll rain tomorrow. (casual — って alone, with the verb dropped entirely)

That second pattern — ending on って with no reporting verb — is one of the most common things in casual Japanese. The listener supplies "someone said."

Direct quotes

For a word-for-word quote, use 「」 and keep the original politeness inside:

かれは「ありがとうございます」といました。 — He said, "thank you very much." (polite past — the quote keeps its own register)

This is the one place です can sit in front of と, because you are reporting the exact words rather than the content.

Other verbs that take と

と is not only for おもう and う. It works with く, く, こたえる, める, かんじる, and with ぶ for names:

これは日本語にほんごで「たたみ」といます。 — This is called tatami in Japanese. (polite — naming)

〜といます for naming things is one of the highest-value sentence patterns for a beginner, because it lets you ask about and store new vocabulary on the spot.

Common mistakes

  • たかいですとおもいます. Plain form inside: たかいとおもいます.
  • 便利べんりおもいます. な-adjectives keep だ: 便利べんりだとおもいます.
  • かれきたいとおもいます. Other people's thoughts take おもっています.
  • るとおもいません. Put the negative inside: ないとおもいます.
  • Using が instead of と. と is the quotation particle; が marks a subject. たかいがおもいます is not a sentence.
  • Forgetting って exists. In casual speech you will hear it far more often than と.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 6 and 7 are a pair: the same thought, and whose head it is in decides the verb.

1. Say "I think this place is expensive."

Show answer

このみせたかいとおもいます — plain form inside と, politeness on おもいます.

2. Something is wrong here: このみせたかいですとおもいます。

Show answer

たかいとおもいます — です never goes in front of と for a reported thought. A Japanese sentence carries its register once, at the end.

3. Something is wrong here: この方法ほうほう便利べんりおもいます。

Show answer

便利べんりだとおもいます — な-adjectives and nouns keep their だ here, the opposite of the rule before かもしれない.

4. Say "I don't think he'll come."

Show answer

かれないとおもいます — the negative goes inside the quote. るとおもいません is grammatical but sounds like you are insisting.

5. Say "I'm thinking of working in Japan in the future."

Show answer

将来しょうらい日本にほんはたらきたいとおもっていますおもっています for a settled intention held over time.

6. Say "I think it's expensive" — your own thought, right now.

Show answer

たかいとおもいます — your own current thought takes おもいます.

7. Say "he thinks it's expensive."

Show answer

かれたかいとおもっています — another person's thought must be おもっています. This is the pair to question 6: Japanese does not claim direct access to someone else's mind.

8. Pass on a message: Tanaka is taking tomorrow off.

Show answer

田中たなかさんは明日あしたやすむとっていましたっていました reports the content; いました reports the act of saying.

9. What does 明日あしたあめだって mean, and what is missing?

Show answer

"Apparently it'll rain tomorrow" — the reporting verb — casual Japanese ends on って and lets the listener supply "someone said."

10. Ask what something is called in Japanese, then answer for たたみ.

Show answer

これは日本語にほんごなんいますか / これは日本語にほんごで「たたみ」といます — 〜といます for naming is one of the most useful beginner patterns, because it lets you collect vocabulary on the spot.

FAQ

Can と follow a question? Yes, with か inside: どこにくかかりません ("I don't know where they're going"). Embedded questions take か rather than と.

Is とおもう rude? No — the opposite. Adding とおもいます softens an assertion, which is why Japanese speakers attach it to statements they are quite sure of.

What about 〜とおもわれる? The passive form, used in formal writing to depersonalise an opinion: 〜とおもわれます ("it is thought that"). Common in reports.

Can I stack it with でしょう? Yes: たかいとおもうでしょう? ("you'd think it's expensive, right?"). It gets heavy quickly, though.

Is って ever written? In casual writing — messages, social media, dialogue in fiction — constantly. In formal writing, use と.

Why do I hear 〜とおもうんですけど so often?おもう gives the opinion, んです frames it as explanation, けど leaves it open. Three softeners on one opinion is completely normal in Japanese.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

思う	おもう — to think
言う	いう — to say
店	みせ — shop
高い	たかい — expensive
来る	くる — to come
便利	べんり — convenient
方法	ほうほう — method
学生	がくせい — student
将来	しょうらい — the future
働く	はたらく — to work
明日	あした — tomorrow
休む	やすむ — to take time off
雨	あめ — rain
無理	むり — impossible
畳	たたみ — tatami
答える	こたえる — to answer
決める	きめる — to decide
感じる	かんじる — to feel
呼ぶ	よぶ — to call (a name)
書く	かく — to write
聞く	きく — to hear, to ask
分かる	わかる — to understand

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners hold back their opinions for months because they are unsure how to attach them to a sentence. It is one particle, one rule — plain form inside — and then you can say what you think.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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