LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5How you sound · Jul 29, 2026

だ or です: the one decision that changes how you sound

English carries politeness in word choice. Japanese carries it in the last two syllables.

That is genuinely good news. It means you do not need a second vocabulary to be polite — you need one switch, thrown at the right moment.

The switch

学生がくせいだ。 — I'm a student. (plain) 学生がくせいです。 — I'm a student. (polite)

く。 — I'll go. (plain) きます。 — I'll go. (polite)

Same information. Same words. Different relationship.

Which to use

です/ます — the safe default. Anyone you did not go to school with. Shops, work, teachers, strangers, anyone older, anyone you just met. If you are unsure, this is the answer, always.

Plain form — close range. Friends, family, people clearly junior to you, and your own head. Also every book, article and subtitle you will ever read, because writing uses plain form by default.

Beginners are told "use です" and left there, which produces a learner who sounds like a form letter with their friends. Both forms are necessary. です is just the one to be defaulted to.

The mistake that actually matters

Not "too plain." Inconsistency.

昨日きのう 映画えいが。とても 面白おもしろかったです

Half casual, half polite, in two sentences. To a Japanese ear this is more jarring than being uniformly casual, because it sounds like the speaker is switching how they feel about you mid-thought.

Pick one register per conversation and stay there. If you must change, change at a clear boundary — a new topic, a new person joining.

The two exceptions worth knowing early

1. Questions to yourself stay plain. Even in the most polite conversation, thinking out loud uses plain form.

えーと、なんだっけ… — er, what was it again…

2. Relative clauses are always plain. The polite form only ever lives at the end of a sentence. Inside, everything goes plain, no matter how formal you are being.

昨日きのう 映画えいが面白おもしろかったです。 — The film I saw yesterday was interesting.

た stays plain because it is describing 映画えいが, not ending the sentence. Learners who try to be polite all the way through produce ました映画えいが, which is wrong, and it is a very common wrong.

Softening without switching

Sometimes です feels too distant but plain feels too blunt. Japanese has a middle setting, and it is mostly small particles:

くよ。 — I'll go, just so you know. (informative, warm) くね。 — I'll go, right? (seeking agreement) くけど… — I'll go, but… (leaves room)

These are how friends actually talk. Plain form with no particle at all is the flattest, coldest option — which is exactly why it works so well for anime characters who are supposed to be cold.

How to practise it

Take five sentences you already know in です form and say each one plain. Then reverse it. Two minutes, and it rewires the ending rather than the sentence, which is the whole point.

Then listen for it. Next time you watch something, ignore the words and track only the endings — who is using です with whom. You will see the entire social map of the show in about ten minutes.

In a lesson

I will move between the two on purpose during a lesson so you can hear the temperature change. Most students find that after one session they cannot un-hear it, and their Japanese starts landing where they meant it to.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

Want to try this in a real conversation?

30-minute trial lesson, $13. Times shown in your own timezone.

Book a trial lesson · $13