LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N3How you sound · Sep 28, 2026

まみれ (mamire): covered in something messy, not just "a lot of it

まみれ (mamire) attaches directly to a noun to mean "covered in" or "smeared with" something messy, sticky, or unpleasant — blood, mud, sweat, dust, sand. It's specifically physical and visceral. だらけ (darake) is the word for a more abstract "full of" — mistakes, debt, typos — things you'd count rather than wipe off.

Reach for まみれ when you can picture the substance actually on the surface of something. Reach for だらけ when you're really counting instances of a problem, not describing a coating.

The basics

まみれ: physically covered in something

まみれ attaches straight to a noun — [noun] + まみれ — and describes a person, object, or surface visibly covered in that substance. It almost always describes something messy or unpleasant that you'd want to wipe or wash off.

泥なずまみれになって帰かえってきた。 — He came home covered in mud. (casual, describing a kid or an athlete) 汗あせまみれで練習れんしゅうしている。 — He's practicing drenched in sweat. (casual, describing effort or heat)

The noun before まみれ names the substance: 泥どろ (mud), 汗あせ (sweat), 血ち (blood), 埃ほこり (dust), 砂すな (sand) are the most common.

The core set of words that pair with まみれ

A handful of nouns account for most everyday uses of まみれ, and learning them as a set covers almost every situation you'll hit.

血ちまみれの手てで助たすけを求もとめた。 — He asked for help with blood-covered hands. (neutral-serious, an injury or accident) 部屋へやは埃ほこりまみれだった。 — The room was covered in dust. (casual, describing neglect)

Because まみれ is about a visible coating, it works naturally with a verb like なる (to become) — 泥なずまみれになる, "to become covered in mud" — describing the process of getting that way. Without a named substance, getting dirty is 汚よごれる, and dirty in Japanese contrasts it with 汚よごす, which needs someone doing the dirtying.

Beyond the basics

まみれ vs だらけ: a coating vs a count

まみれ and だらけ both translate loosely as "covered in" or "full of," but they point at different kinds of things. まみれ describes a physical substance you could touch and wipe away. だらけ describes something you'd count — errors, holes, debts — even when it isn't a literal physical coating. だらけ works for physical things too (泥どろだらけ, 傷きずだらけ); まみれ is the one that only means a coating.

彼かれはミスだらけのレポートを出だした。 — He submitted a report full of mistakes. (casual-neutral, だらけ counts errors, not a coating) 靴くつが泥なずまみれで玄関げんかんに入いれない。 — My shoes are so covered in mud I can't come inside. (casual, まみれ describes an actual physical coating)

A quick test: if you could photograph the substance sitting on the surface, まみれ fits. If you're really tallying instances of a problem, だらけ is the natural choice — ばかり and だらけ get compared directly in another article if you want the fuller picture of だらけ on its own.

借金しゃっきんまみれ: the most common abstract use

The most common abstract use of まみれ breaks the "physical substance" rule: 借金しゃっきんまみれ (しゃっきんまみれ), "buried in debt" or "covered in debt." It's set phrase enough that native speakers don't question it, even though debt isn't literally a substance you can wipe off.

借金しゃっきんまみれの生活せいかつから抜け出ぬけだしたい。 — I want to escape a life buried in debt. (casual-serious, a common complaint or resolution)

Outside of 借金しゃっきんまみれ, treat abstract nouns (mistakes, problems, typos) as だらけ territory and physical substances as まみれ territory, and you'll be right the vast majority of the time.

Sand, sweat, and the physical exhaustion of sports and festival scenes in anime

まみれ shows up constantly in sports anime and festival episodes, because it's the exact word for the visible, physical evidence of effort — a player collapsing 汗あせまみれ after a match, kids running around 砂すなまみれ at a summer festival. It's a visual shorthand: showing someone まみれ in something tells the audience how hard they've been working without a line of dialogue, the same kind of unspoken physical evidence covered by 残業ざんぎょう, 出勤しゅっきん and the rest of Japanese work vocabulary.

砂すなまみれになるまで遊あそんだ。 — They played until they were covered in sand. (casual, a beach or festival scene)

Common mistakes

  • Using まみれ for something abstract, like mistakes or problems. That's だらけ territory — まみれ needs a substance you could physically wipe off (借金しゃっきんまみれ is the memorized exception, not a pattern to extend).
  • Treating まみれ as neutral or positive. It's built for messy, unwanted coatings — you wouldn't describe a nicely wrapped gift as ribbon-まみれ; that calls for a completely different, neutral word.
  • Forgetting まみれ attaches directly to the noun with no particle. It's 泥なずまみれ, not 泥どろにまみれ in casual speech (though 泥どろにまみれる does exist as a fuller verb form in more literary or descriptive writing).
  • Mixing up 血ちまみれ (blood-covered) with 血ちだらけ. Both exist and both work here, precisely because blood is both a physical substance (まみれ) and something people count instances of in gorier contexts (だらけ) — this is one of the rare cases where either word is natural.

まみれ vs だらけ vs 付つく

Word Reading What it describes Physical or abstract
まみれ まみれ Covered/smeared in a messy substance Physical (with 借金しゃっきんまみれ as the exception)
だらけ だらけ Full of, all over (mud, scratches, mistakes) Physical or abstract
付つく つく To stick to, get on (something) Physical, but lighter/smaller amount
汚よごれる よごれる To get dirty Physical, general

FAQ

Can まみれ describe something pleasant, like being covered in flower petals? It's technically possible but unusual — まみれ carries a built-in "messy, unwanted" flavor, so a neutral or pleasant coating usually gets a different word, like 覆おおわれる (おおわれる, "to be covered").

Is 借金しゃっきんまみれ the most common abstract use of まみれ? It's by far the most common. A few other set phrases exist in more literary Japanese, but for everyday conversation, treat 借金しゃっきんまみれ as the one to memorize rather than a pattern.

Does まみれ need a verb like なる or is it a complete description on its own? It works both ways — 泥なずまみれの服ふく ("mud-covered clothes") is a complete noun phrase on its own, and 泥なずまみれになる adds "become" to describe the process of getting that way.

What's the difference between 汚よごれる and まみれ? 汚よごれる is the general verb "to get dirty" and doesn't specify what with. まみれ always names the specific substance doing the covering — you couldn't say まみれ alone without a noun in front of it.

Can まみれ attach to more than one noun in a sentence? Not naturally — you'd typically pick the single most visually dominant substance (血ちまみれ rather than trying to stack 血ちまみれ泥なずまみれ), since まみれ is meant to paint one clear image.

Practice

1. "He came home covered in mud."

Show answer

泥なずまみれになって帰かえってきた。 — 泥どろ (mud) + まみれ describes a visible physical coating.

2. "He's practicing drenched in sweat."

Show answer

汗あせまみれで練習れんしゅうしている。 — 汗あせまみれ paints the visible evidence of effort.

3. "He asked for help with blood-covered hands."

Show answer

血ちまみれの手てで助たすけを求もとめた。 — 血ちまみれ modifies 手て (hands) directly, no particle needed.

4. "The room was covered in dust."

Show answer

部屋へやは埃ほこりまみれだった。 — 埃ほこり (dust) + まみれ, a common way to describe neglect.

5. Fix this: 彼かれはミスまみれのレポートを出だした。 (should describe a countable problem, not a physical coating)

Show answer

彼かれはミスだらけのレポートを出だした。 — mistakes are counted, not wiped off, so だらけ fits, not まみれ.

6. "I want to escape a life buried in debt." (the memorized exception)

Show answer

借金しゃっきんまみれの生活せいかつから抜け出ぬけだしたい。 — 借金しゃっきんまみれ is the one common abstract use of まみれ worth memorizing as a set phrase.

7. "They played until they were covered in sand."

Show answer

砂すなまみれになるまで遊あそんだ。 — まみれになる describes the process of ending up covered in something.

8. "My shoes are so covered in mud I can't come inside."

Show answer

靴くつが泥なずまみれで玄関げんかんに入いれない。 — 泥なずまみれ describes the shoes directly, で connects it to the reason you can't enter.

When a character turns up 汗あせまみれ or 泥なずまみれ you want to catch the word at normal speed, so bring a sports or festival scene to a trial lesson and pick out the まみれ words as they go by.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

まみれ	まみれ — covered/smeared in something messy
泥まみれ	どろまみれ — covered in mud
汗まみれ	あせまみれ — drenched in sweat
血まみれ	ちまみれ — covered in blood
埃まみれ	ほこりまみれ — covered in dust
砂まみれ	すなまみれ — covered in sand
借金まみれ	しゃっきんまみれ — buried in debt
だらけ	だらけ — full of, riddled with
汚れる	よごれる — to get dirty
付く	つく — to stick to, get on

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, and まみれ is one of the words I point out constantly during sports and festival arcs — the second a character shows up 汗あせまみれ or 泥なずまみれ, you already know exactly how their day went.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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