LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

〜はず: the "should" that is a prediction, not an obligation

〜はず means "it should be the case," based on evidence or reasoning you already have. It is a prediction, never an instruction. English uses "should" for both, which is exactly why learners say くはずです when they mean くべきです and accidentally predict someone's movements instead of advising them.

Once the split is clear, はず becomes one of the most natural-sounding things you can add to your Japanese — it is how speakers signal "I have grounds for saying this" without claiming certainty.

The basics

What attaches to はず?

はず is a noun, so everything in front of it takes the noun-modifying shape:

Word type Form Example
Verb plain form るはず / たはず
い-adjective plain form たかいはず
な-adjective 便利べんりなはず
Noun やすみのはず

かれ今日きょうるはずです。 — He should be coming today. (polite — I have reason to expect it) 明日あしたやすみのはずです。 — Tomorrow should be a day off. (polite — noun takes の)

The な and の are the same ones you need before とき and any other noun. Dropping them is the most common formal error with はず.

It always rests on evidence

はず is not a guess. It carries the sense "given what I know, this follows."

メールをおくったので、もうとどいているはずです。 — I sent the email, so it should have arrived by now. (polite — a conclusion from a fact) この時間じかんなら、まだひらいているはずです。 — At this hour, it should still be open. (polite — reasoning from a schedule)

If you have no grounds at all, はず is the wrong word — use でしょう or かもしれません instead.

The negative has two forms and they differ

ないはずです。 — He shouldn't be coming. (polite — I expect him not to) るはずがありません。 — There's no way he's coming. (polite — I reject the possibility)

The first negates the event; the second negates the expectation itself, and it is much stronger. はずがない is close to "impossible." In casual speech it is はずない, and そんなはずはない ("that can't be right") is a line you will hear in every other anime episode.

Beyond the basics

はず vs べき: the split English hides

Form Meaning Example
〜はずだ It should be so (prediction) かれっているはずだ
〜べきだ One should do it (obligation) かれうべきだ

もっとはやうべきでした。 — I should have said something sooner. (polite past — regret about an obligation) もういているはずでした。 — They should have arrived by now. (polite past — an expectation that failed)

Both translate as "should have," and they say completely different things. The first is about what was right; the second is about what was expected. If you can decide which English "should" you mean before you speak, you will never mix them again. For the softer, friendlier kind of advice, 〜ほうがいい is usually a better choice than べき, which can sound preachy.

はずだった: it was supposed to happen

Put はず in the past and you get an expectation that did not come true — a very useful and slightly rueful pattern:

今日きょうやすみのはずだったんですけど… — Today was supposed to be my day off, but… (polite, trailing — something went wrong)

Attaching んです and letting the sentence trail off is the standard way to complain gently about a plan that collapsed.

The certainty ladder

はず sits at a specific point on a scale, and knowing its neighbours makes it easier to pick:

Form Confidence Basis
〜かもしれない Maybe Possibility, no evidence needed
〜でしょう Probably General likelihood
〜はずだ Should be Specific evidence or reasoning
〜にちがいない Must be Strong conviction

あめるかもしれません。 — It might rain. (polite — pure possibility)

Note that はず is not stronger than にちがいない — it is more grounded. にちがいない is emotional certainty; はず is logical expectation. That difference matters in writing.

はず vs そう and よう

はず is about your reasoning. そうです and ようです are about appearance and reported information. あめりそうです is "it looks like rain" from the sky; あめるはずです is "it should rain" from the forecast you read. Same conclusion, different route.

The polite hedge: 〜はずなんですけど

This combination is what fluent speakers reach for constantly when reality has failed to match expectation:

ここにあるはずなんですけど… — It should be here, but… (polite, trailing — searching for something)

はず gives you grounds, んです frames it as an explanation, けど leaves room for being wrong. It is three grammar points doing one very human job.

Common mistakes

  • Using はず for advice. はやるはずです does not mean "you should go to bed early." It means "he is expected to go to bed early."
  • Dropping な and の. 便利べんりはず and やすみはず are broken. Use 便利べんりなはず, やすみのはず.
  • Using はず with no evidence. If you are just guessing, use かもしれません.
  • Using はず about your own intentions. わたしくはずです sounds like you are predicting your own behaviour from the outside. For plans, say 予定よていです.
  • Confusing はずがない with はずではない. はずがない is "there's no way." はずではない is rare and awkward — avoid it.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair: two English "should have"s, two different Japanese sentences.

1. Say "he should be coming today," politely.

Show answer

かれ今日きょうるはずです — plain form + はず. You have grounds for expecting it.

2. Something is wrong here: 明日あしたやすみはずです。

Show answer

やすみのはずです — はず is a noun, so a noun in front of it needs の.

3. Say "there's no way he's coming."

Show answer

るはずがありません — はずがない negates the expectation itself, which is far stronger than ないはず.

4. Say "I should have said something sooner" (regret about what was right).

Show answer

もっとはやうべきでした — べき, because this is obligation, not prediction.

5. Say "they should have arrived by now" (an expectation that failed).

Show answer

もういているはずでした — はず, because this is prediction. This is the pair to question 4: English says "should have" for both.

6. Say "today was supposed to be my day off, but…"

Show answer

今日きょうやすみのはずだったんですけど… — past はず is an expectation that did not come true, and the trailing けど does the complaining for you.

7. You are searching for something you are sure you left there. Say it.

Show answer

ここにあるはずなんですけど… — はず gives grounds, んです frames it as explanation, けど admits you might be wrong.

8. You have no evidence at all, just a feeling it might rain. Which form?

Show answer

あめるかもしれません — はず needs grounds. With none, かもしれない is the honest choice.

9. Something is wrong here: はやるはずですよ。(intended: "you should go to bed early")

Show answer

はやたほうがいいですよ — はず would predict their bedtime. For advice, ほうがいい is friendlier than べき.

10. What is the difference between あめりそうです and あめるはずです?

Show answer

The sky vs the forecast — そう reports appearance, はず reports reasoning. Same conclusion, different route to it.

FAQ

Is はず written in kanji? はず exists but is almost never used. Write it in kana.

Can I use はず about the past? Yes, in two ways: たはずです ("he should have come" — I expect that he did) and るはずでした ("he was supposed to come" — and didn't).

Is はずだ rude? No, but it can sound blunt when you are contradicting someone. そんなはずはない is quite forceful; そのはずなんですけど softens it considerably.

What is はずみ — is it related? No. はずみ means "momentum" or "impulse" and is unrelated vocabulary.

How do I say "as expected"? やっぱり in speech, or おもったとおり. はず is for stating the expectation, not for confirming it afterwards.

Can はず follow a potential form? Yes: めるはずです ("you should be able to read it"). Potential forms are plain verbs and behave normally here.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

来る	くる — to come
今日	きょう — today
明日	あした — tomorrow
休み	やすみ — day off, holiday
便利	べんり — convenient
送る	おくる — to send
届く	とどく — to arrive, to be delivered
時間	じかん — time
開く	あく — to open
言う	いう — to say
早く	はやく — early, quickly
着く	つく — to arrive
雨	あめ — rain
降る	ふる — to fall (rain)
知る	しる — to know
寝る	ねる — to sleep
予定	よてい — plan, schedule
読む	よむ — to read
高い	たかい — expensive, high

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Upper-intermediate learners tend to arrive with 〜はずなんですけど already working, which is a good sign — it means they have stopped translating "should" and started hearing what the word actually does.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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