LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

〜とき: why くとき and ったとき are two different moments

〜とき means "when," and the tense of the verb in front of it does not tell you when the sentence happened — it tells you whether that action was finished at the moment you're describing. 日本にほんくとき is on the way; 日本にほんったとき is after arriving.

This is the single feature of とき that textbooks bury in a footnote and learners then get wrong for years. The word itself is easy. The tense in front of it follows a rule English does not have.

The basics

What connects to とき?

とき is a noun — it literally means "time" or "moment" — so everything in front of it has to be in the shape that can modify a noun.

Word type Form before とき Example
Verb plain form (present or past) べるとき / べたとき
い-adjective plain form いそがしいとき / いそがしかったとき
な-adjective ひまなとき
Noun どものとき

どものとき、よくアニメをました。 — When I was a child, I watched a lot of anime. (noun + の) ひまなとき、なにをしますか。 — What do you do when you're free? (な-adjective + な)

The な and の are the two pieces learners drop. ひまとき and どもとき are both broken. If you know the の that links two nouns, this is the same の doing the same job.

The tense rule

Here is the whole point of this article. The verb before とき is not in the tense of the sentence. It answers one question: at the moment described, was that action already complete?

  • Plain present (く) → the action was not yet finished at that moment
  • Plain past (った) → the action was already finished at that moment

日本にほんくとき、空港くうこうほんいました。 — On my way to Japan, I bought a book at the airport. (not yet in Japan — the buying happens before arrival) 日本にほんったとき、友達ともだちいました。 — When I went to Japan, I met a friend. (already in Japan — the meeting happens after arrival)

Both sentences are in the past. The main verb いました / いました carries that. The verb before とき is doing something else entirely.

One more pair, because this is the whole grammar point

るとき、電気でんきします。 — I turn off the light when I go to bed. (before sleeping — you're still awake to reach the switch) たとき、電気でんきがついていました。 — When I fell asleep, the light was on. (sleeping already happened)

If you use たとき for the first sentence you have described turning off a light while unconscious. Native speakers will understand you from context, but the sentence says something absurd, and this is exactly the kind of error that never gets corrected because everyone politely moves on.

Beyond the basics

Does に change anything?

〜ときに pins the sentence to a single point in time. 〜とき alone is slightly broader, more like "in the period when."

地震じしんがあったときに、そとにいました。 — I was outside at the moment the earthquake hit. (に — one pinpointed moment)

In most sentences it's optional and native speakers drop it freely. Use it when the sharpness matters, especially with sudden events.

とき vs たら vs と

All three can translate as "when," and choosing between them is the real skill:

Form What it says Example
〜とき When (a time, neutral) いえかえるとき、電話でんわします
〜たら When/if (once A happens, then B) いえかえったら、電話でんわします
〜と Whenever A, B automatically follows いえかえると、ねこっています

とき is the neutral one — it just names a moment. たら carries "once that condition is met," which is why it dominates plans and promises. と states a reliable rule of the world. For the full set, see the four Japanese conditionals.

Can the two clauses have different subjects?

Yes, and this is where the tense rule earns its keep:

ははたとき、わたしていました。 — When my mother arrived, I was asleep. (her arriving was complete; my sleeping was ongoing)

Two subjects, two different states, and the とき clause tells you the arrival was already done. The が in the とき clause is normal — は generally can't live inside a subordinate clause, which is why ははたとき sounds wrong to a native ear.

The frozen forms you'll hear in anime

あのとき ("that time," "back then") and そのとき ("at that moment") are fixed expressions and extremely common in dramatic dialogue:

あのとき、なにえなかった。 — Back then, I couldn't say anything. (casual, regretful — a very common anime line)

You will also hear ときどき ("sometimes"), which is とき doubled, and 〜たときは with は for contrast ("when that happened, at least...").

〜ているとき for overlapping actions

If you want "while," not "at the moment when," the teiru form does that:

めしべているとき、電話でんわりました。 — The phone rang while I was eating. (ongoing action interrupted)

べるとき、電話でんわりました would mean the phone rang just before you started eating. The teiru form is what stretches the moment out.

Common mistakes

  • Using the past because the sentence is past. 日本にほんったとき、飛行機ひこうき映画えいがました is wrong if you watched the film on the plane — you weren't in Japan yet. It has to be くとき.
  • Dropping な and の. ひまとき, どもとき, 学生がくせいとき are all broken. Use ひまなとき, どものとき, 学生がくせいのとき.
  • Using は inside the とき clause. ははたとき is unnatural; use ははたとき.
  • Reaching for とき when たら is meant. いえかえるとき電話でんわします means "I'll call on my way home." いえかえったら電話でんわします means "I'll call once I'm home." Learners usually mean the second and say the first.
  • Treating ときどき as related. It means "sometimes" and is a plain adverb — no grammar attached.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair, and so are 5 and 6: the only thing moving is the tense before とき.

1. Say "I bought a book at the airport on my way to Japan."

Show answer

日本にほんくとき、空港くうこうほんいましたく, not った. At the moment of buying, the going was not finished.

2. Say "When I went to Japan, I met a friend."

Show answer

日本にほんったとき、友達ともだちいましたった, because the arrival was already complete when you met them. This is the pair to question 1: same sentence shape, opposite tense.

3. Something is wrong here: ひまとき、映画えいがます。

Show answer

ひまなとき — とき is a noun, so a な-adjective needs its な to modify it.

4. Something is wrong here: どもとき、よくきました。

Show answer

どものとき — a noun needs の before another noun. Same rule as わたしほん.

5. Say "I turn off the light when I go to bed."

Show answer

るとき、電気でんきしまする, because you have to be awake to reach the switch.

6. What does たとき、電気でんきがついていました mean?

Show answer

"When I fell asleep, the light was on"た says the sleeping was already complete. Compare question 5: one syllable changes who is conscious.

7. Say "The phone rang while I was eating."

Show answer

めしべているとき、電話でんわりました — the teiru form stretches the moment into a duration, which is what "while" needs.

8. Something is wrong here: ははたとき、わたしていました。

Show answer

ははたとき — は does not sit inside a とき clause. Subordinate clauses take が.

9. Which is right for "I'll call you once I get home" — かえるとき電話でんわします or かえったら電話でんわします?

Show answer

かえったら電話でんわします — たら means "once that happens." かえるとき would mean you call on the way home, from the train.

10. Translate: あのとき、なにえなかった。

Show answer

"Back then, I couldn't say anything" — あのとき is a frozen expression for a remembered moment, and なにも + negative is how Japanese builds "anything" in a negative sentence.

FAQ

Is とき written in kanji or kana? Both appear. とき in kanji is common in writing; とき in kana is very common when it is grammatical rather than meaning a literal clock time. Either is correct.

Does とき work with the polite form? Not directly in front of とき — use the plain form there (くとき, not きますとき). Politeness lives on the final verb of the sentence.

Can とき mean "if"? Loosely, in sentences like からないとき、いてください ("when/if you don't understand, please ask"). For a real conditional, たら or ば is clearer.

What is the difference between とき and 場合ばあい? 場合ばあい means "in the case that" and is more formal and more hypothetical — common in rules and instructions. とき is the everyday word.

Why do I hear 〜たときには? That is とき + に + は, adding contrast: "at the time when that happened, at least..." It marks that moment off against other moments.

Is 〜ときは different from 〜とき? は adds contrast or topic-marking: いそがしいときは、きません ("when I'm busy — as opposed to other times — I don't go").

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

時	とき — time, moment
子ども	こども — child
暇	ひま — free time
忙しい	いそがしい — busy
空港	くうこう — airport
本	ほん — book
友達	ともだち — friend
寝る	ねる — to sleep, to go to bed
電気	でんき — light, electricity
消す	けす — to turn off
地震	じしん — earthquake
帰る	かえる — to go home
電話	でんわ — telephone, phone call
鳴る	なる — to ring
母	はは — mother
猫	ねこ — cat
学生	がくせい — student
場合	ばあい — case, situation
泣く	なく — to cry

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners reach N4, use とき confidently, and put the wrong tense in front of it every single time — because English has no equivalent rule to transfer. It is a five-minute fix that most people never get told about.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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