LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Lesson notes · Sep 26, 2026

Good at and bad at in Japanese: 上手じょうず, 得意とくい, 下手へた, 苦手にがて

"Good at" in Japanese is 上手じょうず (jouzu) or 得意とくい (tokui), and "bad at" is 下手へた (heta) or 苦手にがて (nigate). The split: 上手じょうず and 下手へた are judgments of skill, usually about someone else; 得意とくい and 苦手にがて are about how you feel about something — your strong point or weak point. That is why you compliment others with 上手じょうず but describe yourself with 得意とくい.

These four words are taught early, often as two simple pairs: 上手じょうず/下手へた and 得意とくい/苦手にがて. The pairs are right, but the rule that matters in real conversation is who you are talking about. Say 私わたしは日本語にほんごが上手じょうずです and you sound like you are bragging. Say ゲームが苦手にがてです and you might mean you are bad at games — or that you just don't like them. Here is how the four words actually work.

The basics

How do you say someone is good at something?

上手じょうず (jouzu), a な-adjective. The thing they are good at takes が.

日本語にほんごが上手じょうずですね! — Your Japanese is good! (polite, the most famous compliment in Japan) 歌うたが上手じょうずだね。 — You're a good singer. (casual)

Notice that this is a compliment you give to someone else. Japanese people say 上手じょうずですね constantly — sometimes after you have said only one word.

How do you say you are good at something?

得意とくい (tokui), also a な-adjective with が. It means "my strong point, something I'm confident in."

料理りょうりが得意とくいです。 — I'm good at cooking. (polite) 数学すうがくはあんまり得意とくいじゃない。 — Math isn't really my thing. (casual)

得意とくい does not claim that you are objectively excellent. It says this is one of your strengths. That makes it the modest, natural way to talk about yourself. When a strength came with you from birth, people say 生うまれつきの才能さいのう, and innate in Japanese shows why the formal 先天的せんてんてき would sound like a medical report there.

How do you say "bad at"?

Again two words. 下手へた (heta) is "unskilled, clumsy" — a judgment of skill. 苦手にがて (nigate) is "a weak point, something I'm not good with."

絵えが下手へたなんです。 — I'm bad at drawing. (polite, self-deprecating) 朝あさが苦手にがてです。 — I'm not a morning person. (polite)

That second sentence shows what makes 苦手にがて special: it works for things that are not skills at all.

Beyond the basics

Why shouldn't you call yourself 上手じょうず?

Because 上手じょうず is an evaluation, and evaluating yourself highly sounds like boasting. 私わたしは料理りょうりが上手じょうずです is grammatically fine but sounds like "I am an excellent cook." Use 得意とくい, or soften it: 料理りょうりはけっこう好すきです ("I quite like cooking").

The standard answer to a 上手じょうずですね compliment is to deflect it:

いえいえ、まだまだです。 — Oh no, I still have a long way to go. (polite, the classic reply)

Humility like this is part of choosing the right register; see keigo vs casual Japanese.

Can you call someone else 下手へた?

You can, but it is blunt. あなたは運転うんてんが下手へたです is "You're a bad driver," with no softening. People use 下手へた freely about themselves, and carefully about others. With friends, joking works: 下手へただなあ ("you're hopeless"). With anyone else, choose 苦手にがて or say nothing.

What else can 苦手にがて mean?

苦手にがて covers anything you find difficult or unpleasant:

  • Food: 納豆なっとうが苦手にがてです — "I don't do well with natto." A very polite way to say you dislike a food.
  • People: あの人ひとはちょっと苦手にがて — "I don't get along with that person." Softer than 嫌きらい.
  • Situations: 人前ひとまえで話はなすのが苦手にがて — "I'm not good at speaking in front of people."
  • Things: 虫むしが苦手にがて — "I can't handle bugs."

This is the most useful part of the word. When you want to say "I don't like" without sounding rude, 苦手にがて is often better than 嫌きらい (kirai). For more on softening things like this, see how to disagree politely in Japanese.

What about うまい?

うまい (umai) is a casual adjective that also means "skillful" (and "tasty"). It is common in casual speech: 歌うた、うまいね! ("nice singing!"). It is roughly as strong as 上手じょうず, more casual, and fine among friends. (The "tasty" use of うまい is the one that sounds more masculine and rough.)

ゲーム、うまいね。 — You're good at games. (casual)

How do you use them with verbs?

Add の or こと to turn a verb into a noun, then use が:

泳およぐのが得意とくいです。 — I'm good at swimming. (polite) 早はやく起おきるのが苦手にがてです。 — I'm bad at getting up early. (polite)

The pattern is verb + のが + 得意とくい / 苦手にがて / 上手じょうず / 下手へた. If の versus こと confuses you, see こと vs の.

How do gamers say they are bad at a game genre?

Gamers use short slang for genres, and 苦手にがて fits them perfectly:

  • 死しにゲー — "die games," the soulslike genre where you die over and over
  • 音おとゲー — rhythm games
  • 格かくゲー — fighting games

死しにゲーは好すきだけど、格かくゲーは苦手にがて。 — I like soulslikes, but fighting games aren't my thing. (casual)

And when you finish a game, the verb is クリアする: やっとクリアした! would be "I finally beat it!"

Common mistakes

  • 私わたしは〜が上手じょうずです. It sounds like bragging. Say 得意とくいです.
  • Using を. 上手じょうず, 得意とくい, 下手へた and 苦手にがて take が: 日本語にほんごが上手じょうず, not 日本語にほんごを上手じょうず.
  • Using 下手へた about someone to their face. It's blunt. Use 苦手にがて or soften it.
  • Using 下手へた for food or people. 下手へた is only for skills. For things you dislike, 苦手にがて.
  • Using 嫌きらい when 苦手にがて would do. 嫌きらい is strong. 苦手にがて says the same thing kindly.

Which word should you use?

Word Reading Meaning Use it for
上手じょうず じょうず skillful complimenting others
得意とくい とくい a strong point talking about yourself
うまい うまい skillful (casual) friends, gamers
下手へた へた unskilled yourself, jokingly others
苦手にがて にがて a weak point, not for me skills, foods, people, situations
嫌きらい きらい dislike strong, direct dislike

Practice

Answers are hidden — try your own sentence first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: the same skill, about someone else and about yourself.

1. Compliment a friend: "You're good at cooking!"

Show answer

料理りょうりが上手じょうずだね! — 上手じょうず is the compliment for someone else's skill.

2. Talk about yourself, politely: "I'm good at cooking."

Show answer

料理りょうりが得意とくいです。 — about yourself, 得意とくい sounds confident but not boastful. 上手じょうずです would sound like bragging.

3. Someone says 日本語にほんごが上手じょうずですね. Reply modestly.

Show answer

いえいえ、まだまだです。 — the standard humble reply.

4. Politely decline a food: "I don't do well with raw fish."

Show answer

生魚なまざかなが苦手にがてです。 — 苦手にがて is the polite way to say you dislike a food. 嫌きらい would sound stronger.

5. Fix it: 私わたしは日本語にほんごを上手じょうずです。

Show answer

日本語にほんごが得意とくいです。 — the particle is が, and about yourself 得意とくい is more natural than 上手じょうず.

6. "I'm bad at getting up early."

Show answer

早はやく起おきるのが苦手にがてです。 — verb + のが + 苦手にがて.

7. Laugh at yourself: "I'm terrible at drawing."

Show answer

絵えが下手へたなんです。 — 下手へた is fine about yourself, and なんです makes it sound like a friendly explanation.

8. Casual, among gamers: "I like rhythm games, but fighting games aren't my thing."

Show answer

音おとゲーは好すきだけど、格かくゲーは苦手にがて。 — genre slang plus 苦手にがて.

9. "I don't really get along with that person." (soft)

Show answer

あの人ひとはちょっと苦手にがて。 — 苦手にがて about a person is much softer than 嫌きらい.

Talking about hobbies is where 得意とくい and 苦手にがて pay off, so say what you are good at, bad at and politely not keen on in a trial lesson without bragging with 上手じょうず.

FAQ

What is the difference between 上手じょうず and 得意とくい? 上手じょうず is a judgment of skill, usually about others. 得意とくい is your strong point, usually about yourself. Both take が.

What is the difference between 下手へた and 苦手にがて? 下手へた is only about skill: you do it badly. 苦手にがて is broader — anything you are weak at or uncomfortable with, including foods and people.

Is 苦手にがて the same as 嫌きらい? No. 嫌きらい is "dislike" and sounds direct. 苦手にがて suggests "it's hard for me," which makes it softer and more polite.

How do you say "I'm not good at Japanese yet"? 日本語にほんごはまだ下手へたです or 日本語にほんごはまだまだです. The second is the more natural humble phrase.

Why do Japanese people say 上手じょうずですね so often? It is partly politeness and partly encouragement — people are happy you are trying. It does not always mean your Japanese is actually good, so do not stop studying.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

上手	じょうず — skillful, good at (others)
得意	とくい — good at, a strong point (yourself)
下手	へた — unskilled, bad at
苦手	にがて — weak at, not for me
嫌い	きらい — to dislike
うまい	うまい — skillful (casual)
まだまだです	まだまだです — I still have a long way to go
死にゲー	しにげー — soulslike game
音ゲー	おとげー — rhythm game
格ゲー	かくげー — fighting game
クリアする	くりあする — to beat (a game)
納豆	なっとう — natto (fermented soybeans)
生魚	なまざかな — raw fish
人前	ひとまえ — in front of people

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The 上手じょうず versus 得意とくい question comes up in almost every first lesson, the moment we start talking about hobbies — and 苦手にがて is the word that makes learners sound suddenly more Japanese, because it lets them turn things down kindly.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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