LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N3Lesson notes · Sep 28, 2026

Innate in Japanese: 生うまれつき, 先天的せんてんてき, and 後天的こうてんてき for what you learn

"Innate" or "born with it" in Japanese is 生うまれつき (うまれつき, umaretsuki) in everyday speech. In formal, scientific or medical Japanese it is 先天的せんてんてき (せんてんてき, sententeki), and the opposite — something acquired after birth — is 後天的こうてんてき (こうてんてき, koutenteki).

These words come up whenever people argue about talent versus effort, and in any conversation about health. Learners who meet 先天的せんてんてき in a medical context often try to use it for "a born musician," which sounds like a doctor's report. The trick is to match the word to the register.

The basics

How do you say "born with it" in everyday Japanese?

Use 生うまれつき. It works as an adverb (生うまれつき + adjective or verb) and with の in front of a noun.

彼女かのじょは生うまれつき髪かみが茶色ちゃいろい。 — Her hair has been brown since she was born. (a natural feature) 生うまれつきの才能さいのうだね。 — That is a natural talent. (生うまれつきの + noun)

It is also the phrase people use when someone assumes they dyed or changed something: これ、生うまれつきです, "this is natural, I was born with it."

What does 先天的せんてんてき mean?

先天的せんてんてき is built from 先さき (before) + 天てん (heaven, nature) + 的てき (-ic, the adjective ending). It means "present from birth" in a technical sense. You will see it in medicine, biology and serious discussion.

先天的せんてんてきな病気びょうき — a congenital illness (medical register) この能力のうりょくは先天的せんてんてきなものだと言いわれている。 — This ability is said to be innate. (an essay or documentary tone)

Because it ends in 的てき, it behaves like a な-adjective: 先天的せんてんてきな + noun, 先天的せんてんてきに + verb. If that pattern is new, い and な adjectives covers it.

What is the opposite?

後天的こうてんてき, "acquired after birth" — 後あと (after) replaces 先さき (before). Things you learn, skills you practice, habits you pick up.

語学力ごがくりょくは後天的こうてんてきに身みにつけるものだ。 — Language ability is something you acquire. (後天的こうてんてきに + verb) 先天的せんてんてきか後天的こうてんてきかは、まだ分わからない。 — We don't know yet whether it is innate or acquired. (the pair together)

Beyond the basics

Which one should you actually say?

In conversation, 生うまれつき almost every time. Save 先天的せんてんてき and 後天的こうてんてき for when you are discussing a topic seriously, such as a medical condition, a research article, or the talent-versus-effort debate. Saying 彼かれは先天的せんてんてきに歌うたがうまい to a friend is not wrong, but it sounds like you are presenting a paper.

弟おとうとは生うまれつき声こえが大おおきい。 — My little brother has always had a loud voice. (casual, natural)

What about 天才てんさい and 才能さいのう?

天才てんさい (てんさい) is "a genius," and 才能さいのう (さいのう) is "talent." Japanese often pairs talent with effort: 努力どりょく (どりょく). The line you hear in countless anime training arcs is some version of 才能さいのうより努力どりょく, "effort over talent" — the hero who is not born gifted outworks the one who is.

天才てんさいじゃなくても、努力どりょくすればできる。 — Even if you're not a genius, you can do it if you put in the effort. (the shounen spirit)

The word 天才てんさい also shows up in a pun explained in our 天災てんさい vs 人災じんさい article — same sound, very different meaning.

What about 性格せいかく and 性分しょうぶん?

For personality, 性格せいかく (せいかく) is the general word, and 性分しょうぶん (しょうぶん) means "one's nature" in a way that suggests it cannot be changed. People say これは性分しょうぶんだから, "it's just how I am," to explain a habit they know they will not fix.

細こまかいことが気きになるのは性分しょうぶんなんです。 — Worrying about small details is just my nature. (性分しょうぶん, a slightly resigned tone)

For more words that describe personality, see Japanese personality adjectives.

Is there a "grew into it" phrase?

Yes: 身みにつける (みにつける), "to acquire, to make part of yourself." It is the everyday partner of 後天的こうてんてき. Skills, manners, habits and languages are all 身みにつける.

毎日まいにち練習れんしゅうして、正ただしい発音はつおんを身みにつけた。 — I practiced every day and picked up correct pronunciation. (learned, not innate)

How do you say "cut out for it"?

When the question is less "were you born with it" and more "does it suit you," Japanese uses 向むいている (むいている), "to be suited to." It avoids the talent-versus-effort argument entirely, which is why it is so common in job and study conversations. The negative, 向むいていない, is a gentle way to say "this is not for me."

細こまかい作業さぎょうに向むいている。 — I'm suited to detailed work. (a natural fit, not necessarily born with it) 自分じぶんは営業えいぎょうに向むいていないと思おもう。 — I don't think I'm cut out for sales. (a soft self-assessment)

Put together, the three ideas make a small toolkit for talking about ability: 生うまれつき for what you were born with, 身みにつける for what you built, and 向むいている for what fits you. Most real conversations about talent use all three.

Common mistakes

  • Using 先天的せんてんてき in casual talk about talent. It sounds clinical. Use 生うまれつき.
  • Forgetting な or に after 先天的せんてんてき. 先天的せんてんてき病気びょうき appears in headlines, but in a sentence write 先天的せんてんてきな病気びょうき.
  • Mixing up 先さき and 後あと. 先天的せんてんてき is before birth; 後天的こうてんてき is after.
  • Using 生うまれつき for something you learned. 生うまれつき日本語にほんごが上手じょうず means you were born speaking Japanese well, which is not what you mean if you studied.
  • Thinking 天才てんさい means "talent." 天才てんさい is a person, "a genius." Talent is 才能さいのう.

Which word do you need?

Word Reading Meaning Register
生うまれつき うまれつき born with it, natural everyday
先天的せんてんてき せんてんてき innate, congenital formal, medical
後天的こうてんてき こうてんてき acquired after birth formal
身みにつける みにつける to acquire (a skill, habit) everyday
才能さいのう さいのう talent everyday
天才てんさい てんさい a genius everyday
性分しょうぶん しょうぶん one's nature slightly formal

Practice

Try each one before opening the answer. Questions 3 and 4 are a pair: the same idea said to a friend and written in a report.

1. Say "That is a natural talent."

Show answer

生うまれつきの才能さいのうだね。 — 生うまれつきの in front of a noun, casual and natural.

2. What is the opposite of 先天的せんてんてき?

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後天的こうてんてき — 後あと (after) replaces 先さき (before): acquired after birth.

3. Tell a friend "My little brother has always had a loud voice."

Show answer

弟おとうとは生うまれつき声こえが大おおきい。 — casual talk uses 生うまれつき. This is the pair to question 4.

4. In a medical context, say "a congenital illness."

Show answer

先天的せんてんてきな病気びょうき — the formal, medical word, with な before the noun.

5. Say "Language ability is something you acquire."

Show answer

語学力ごがくりょくは後天的こうてんてきに身みにつけるものだ。 — 後天的こうてんてきに before the verb, and 身みにつける for acquiring a skill.

6. What is wrong with 彼女かのじょは天才てんさいがある?

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天才てんさい is a person, not a quality. Say 彼女かのじょは才能さいのうがある ("she has talent") or 彼女かのじょは天才てんさいだ ("she is a genius").

7. Someone asks if you dyed your hair. It is natural. What do you say?

Show answer

生うまれつきです。 — "I was born with it." The standard reply.

8. You know you worry about details and will not change. Explain it with one word.

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性分しょうぶん — 細こまかいことが気きになるのは性分しょうぶんなんです, "it's just my nature."

Say what you were born good at, 生うまれつき, and what you built up yourself, 身みにつけた, in a trial lesson, and try 先天的せんてんてき for the clinic voice.

FAQ

What is the most common way to say "innate" in Japanese? 生うまれつき in conversation. 先天的せんてんてき in formal writing, science and medicine.

How do you say "congenital" in Japanese? 先天的せんてんてき or the prefix 先天性せんてんせい (せんてんせい), which appears in medical names such as 先天性せんてんせい心疾患しんしっかん, "congenital heart disease."

What is the difference between 先天的せんてんてき and 生うまれつき? They mean nearly the same thing. 先天的せんてんてき is technical and formal; 生うまれつき is what people say in daily life.

How do you say "acquired" as in an acquired skill? 後天的こうてんてき in formal talk, or simply 身みにつけた ("picked up") in conversation.

What is 才能さいのうより努力どりょく? "Effort over talent," a common theme in sports and school anime where hard work beats natural gifts.

Can 生うまれつき be negative? It is neutral. 生うまれつき体からだが弱よわい ("I have been frail since birth") and 生うまれつき頭あたまがいい ("naturally smart") are both natural sentences.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

生まれつき	うまれつき — by birth, naturally
先天的	せんてんてき — innate, congenital
後天的	こうてんてき — acquired after birth
先天性	せんてんせい — congenital (medical prefix)
身につける	みにつける — to acquire (a skill, habit)
才能	さいのう — talent
天才	てんさい — a genius
努力	どりょく — effort
性格	せいかく — personality
性分	しょうぶん — one's nature
向いている	むいている — to be suited to
語学力	ごがくりょく — language ability
病気	びょうき — illness

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. I like teaching the 先天的せんてんてき and 後天的こうてんてき pair next to 生うまれつき because it is the clearest way I know to explain register: the same idea, one word for the clinic and one for the café. Once learners notice that, they start asking which version of every new word they are looking at.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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