LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Lesson notes · Oct 4, 2026

Red in Japanese: 赤あか (あか), 赤あかい, 真っ赤まっか, 赤字あかじ, and 紅白こうはく

"Red" in Japanese is 赤あか (あか) as a noun and 赤あかい (あかい) as an adjective. Very red is 真っ赤まっか (まっか). Red also appears in 赤字あかじ (あかじ, a financial loss), 赤あかの他人たにん (a complete stranger in the sense of "no connection to you"), and 紅白こうはく (こうはく, red and white, the color pair of celebrations).

How do you say "red" in Japanese?

What is the difference between 赤あか and 赤あかい?

赤あか (あか) is the noun "red", and 赤あかい (あかい) is the い-adjective. 赤あかい is the usual adjective form before a noun, as in 赤あかいシャツ. Use 赤あか when talking about the color itself.

赤あかいシャツを買かった。 — I bought a red shirt. (casual) 赤あかが好すきです。 — I like red. (polite)

For why some colors have い-adjectives and others do not, see Japanese colors.

What does 真っ赤まっか mean?

真っ赤まっか (まっか) means very red or completely red. For the color of an object it is often translated as "bright red", but it can also stress that something has turned red, as in 真っ赤まっかな目め (bloodshot eyes). Note the reading: まっか, not まっあか.

夕日ゆうひで空そらが真っ赤まっかだ。 — The sky is bright red from the sunset. (casual)

It is a な-adjective, so it conjugates with だ: 真っ赤まっかだった (was completely red), 真っ赤まっかじゃない (is not completely red).

How do you put 赤あか, 赤あかい and 真っ赤まっか before a noun?

Three patterns: 赤あかいシャツ (い-adjective), 赤あかのシャツ (noun + の), and 真っ赤まっかなシャツ (な-adjective). 真っ赤まっか behaves like a な-adjective, so before a noun it needs な. 真っ赤まっかシャツ is wrong.

Pattern Example Feel
赤あかい + noun 赤あかいシャツ the everyday default
赤あかの + noun 赤あかのシャツ picking a color from options, as in a shop
真っ赤まっかな + noun 真っ赤まっかなシャツ vivid, very strong red

真っ赤まっかなトマトを買かった。 — I bought a bright red tomato. (casual) この靴くつは赤あかと黒くろがあります。 — These shoes come in red and black. (polite)

赤あかが好すきです and 赤色あかいろが好すきです are both natural. To say you like red things, use 赤あかいのが好すきです ("I like red ones").

At the end of a sentence, both forms work: このシャツは赤あかいです describes the shirt, while 「何色なにいろですか。」「赤あかです。」 answers a question about color. In a shop you might hear:

このシャツは何色なにいろがありますか。 — What colors does this shirt come in? (polite) 赤あかと青あおがあります。 — We have red and blue. (polite)

How do you say "to blush"?

顔かおが赤あかくなる (かおがあかくなる), "your face becomes red", means to turn red in the face. It is used for blushing when embarrassed, and also for other causes such as drinking.

褒ほめられて顔かおが赤あかくなった。 — I blushed when I was praised. (casual)

For more about embarrassment, see embarrassed in Japanese.

What does red mean beyond color?

What does 赤字あかじ mean?

赤字あかじ (あかじ), literally "red characters", is a loss or deficit (think "in the red"): expenses exceed income. Its opposite, 黒字くろじ (くろじ), is a surplus or profit. Both are used for household budgets as well as for companies.

今月こんげつは赤字あかじだ。 — I'm in the red this month. (casual)

What is 赤信号あかしんごう?

赤信号あかしんごう (あかしんごう) is a red traffic light. 赤信号あかしんごうで止とまる is "to stop at a red light".

あ、赤信号あかしんごうだよ。止とまって! — Oh, it's a red light! Stop! (casual, said to the driver) 赤信号あかしんごうでは止とまらなければなりません。 — You must stop at a red light. (polite, stating the rule)

What does 赤あかの他人たにん mean?

赤あかの他人たにん (あかのたにん), "a red other person", means a person with no relationship to you at all. It can describe someone you know but have no family or personal ties to. Here 赤あか means "completely". It stresses the lack of connection, so it can sound cold. For a neutral "someone I don't know", say 知しらない人ひと (しらないひと).

彼かれとは親戚しんせきでも友達ともだちでもない。赤あかの他人たにんだ。 — He's neither a relative nor a friend. We have no family or personal ties. (casual)

真っ赤まっかなうそ (まっかなうそ) is "a downright lie" in the same way.

Beyond the basics

What is 紅白こうはく?

紅白こうはく (こうはく), "crimson and white", is the color pair of celebrations in Japan. Red-and-white curtains hang at festivals and ceremonies, and teams are often split into 紅組あかぐみ and 白組しろぐみ at school sports days.

子こどものころ、運動会うんどうかいではいつも紅組あかぐみだった。 — At sports day as a kid I was always on the red team. (casual)

Reading check: 紅組あかぐみ is あかぐみ, not こうぐみ. The 紅くれない in 紅白こうはく is こう, but in 紅組あかぐみ it takes the あか reading. The other side is しろぐみ (白組しろぐみ). You may also see the team written 赤組あかぐみ on school notices.

Another place you will see 紅白こうはく is 紅白歌合戦こうはくうたがっせん (こうはくうたがっせん), the big music show on TV on New Year's Eve. Traditionally the female singers are on the red team and the male singers on the white team, although there have been exceptions.

What is 赤飯せきはん?

赤飯せきはん (せきはん) is a rice dish typically made with glutinous rice and azuki beans or cowpeas, eaten to celebrate happy events. Note the reading せき.

お祝いわいに赤飯せきはんを炊たいた。 — We cooked sekihan to celebrate. (casual)

What does red mean in Japanese culture?

Red is often associated with protection and good fortune. Many shrine gates are painted 朱色しゅいろ (しゅいろ), a vermilion red, and at a 60th birthday, called 還暦かんれき (かんれき), it is traditional to give the celebrant something red, such as a red vest.

還暦かんれきのお祝いわいに赤あかいものを贈おくった。 — I gave something red for a 60th birthday celebration. (casual)

Why is a baby called 赤あかちゃん?

赤あかちゃん (あかちゃん) is said to come from 赤あか, because newborns look reddish.

Common mistakes

  • Using the noun as a modifier. ✗ 赤あかの花はなが咲さいた → ✓ 赤あかい花はなが咲さいた (赤あかい + noun is the everyday pattern).
  • Using 赤あかい where the color itself is the topic. ✗ 好すきな色いろは赤あかいです → ✓ 好すきな色いろは赤あかです.
  • Adding 色いろ every time. ✗ 赤色あかいろのペンを赤色あかいろのかばんに入いれた → ✓ 赤あかいペンを赤あかいかばんに入いれた (赤色あかいろ is fine, but repeating it sounds heavy).
  • Forgetting な after 真っ赤まっか. ✗ 真っ赤まっか車くるま → ✓ 真っ赤まっかな車くるま.

Practice

Try each answer before opening it.

1. Say "I want a red bag." (use 赤あかい)

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赤あかいかばんがほしいです。 — 赤あかい + noun.

2. Say "I bought a bright red apple." (use 真っ赤まっか)

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真っ赤まっかなりんごを買かった。 — 真っ赤まっか takes な before a noun.

3. Fix: 真っ赤まっかドレスを着きている。

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真っ赤まっかなドレスを着きている。 — 真っ赤まっか is a な-adjective, so it needs な before a noun (赤あかいドレス also works).

4. Say "My face turned red in front of everyone." (use 顔かおが赤あかくなる)

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みんなの前まえで顔かおが赤あかくなった。 — 顔かおが赤あかくなる.

5. Say "This shop has been in the red since last year."

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この店みせは去年きょねんから赤字あかじだ。 — 赤字あかじ is a loss.

6. Say "The company finally went into the black." (use 黒字くろじ)

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会社かいしゃはやっと黒字くろじになった。 — 黒字くろじ is a profit; なる means "to become".

7. Say "He is a complete stranger to me. Why would I lend him money?" (Use 赤あかの他人たにん to stress that there is no connection.)

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あの人ひとは赤あかの他人たにんなのに、なぜお金かねを貸かすの? — 赤あかの他人たにん stresses that the person has no connection to you, so it can sound cold. (Any natural sentence with 赤あかの他人たにん is fine.)

8. Say "Our class is on the white team this year." (Use 白組しろぐみ.)

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うちのクラスは今年ことし、白組しろぐみだ。 — 白組しろぐみ is しろぐみ; the other team, 紅組あかぐみ, is read あかぐみ.

9. Fix: 赤あかいが好すきです。

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赤あかが好すきです。 — 赤あかい is an adjective for describing a noun, so "like red" uses the noun 赤あか (or 赤あかい色いろが好すきです, 赤あかいのが好すきです).

10. What is the reading of 赤飯せきはん: あかはん or せきはん?

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せきはん — the on-readings 赤あか (せき) and 飯めし (はん).

FAQ

Is 赤あかい the same as 紅くれない or 朱しゅ? No. 赤あか is the general word. 紅くれない (くれない) is crimson, 紅くれない (べに) can refer to a red pigment or lipstick, and 朱しゅ (しゅ) is vermilion, often seen on torii gates. You rarely need them in daily speech.

Does 赤あか mean "stop" and 青あお mean "go"? At traffic lights, red signals stop, and the green light is called 青信号あおしんごう (あおしんごう). 赤あか and 青あお themselves are color words; they do not mean "stop" and "go".

How do I say "red wine" or "red pen"? 赤あかワイン (あかワイン) and 赤あかペン (あかペン). In established compound nouns like these, 赤あか attaches directly to the noun, with no い or の. The same pattern gives 白しろワイン (しろワイン) for white wine.

How do I say "was red" or "is not red"? Treat 赤あかい like any い-adjective: 赤あかかった (was red) and 赤あかくない (is not red). When 赤あか is the predicate, use forms such as 赤あかです, 赤あかだった, and 赤あかじゃない.

Vocabulary from this article

Copy the block below, save it as a plain text file (for example vocab.txt), then in Anki choose File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab. The first column becomes the front, the second the back.

赤	あか — red
赤い	あかい — red (adjective)
真っ赤	まっか — completely red
赤字	あかじ — deficit / being in the red
黒字	くろじ — surplus / being in the black
赤信号	あかしんごう — red light
赤の他人	あかのたにん — person with no connection to you
紅白	こうはく — red and white
赤飯	せきはん — sticky rice with azuki beans or cowpeas
赤ちゃん	あかちゃん — baby
紅組	あかぐみ — red team
白組	しろぐみ — white team
青信号	あおしんごう — green (go) light
夕日	ゆうひ — setting sun
朱色	しゅいろ — vermilion
紅白歌合戦	こうはくうたがっせん — New Year's Eve music show
還暦	かんれき — 60th birthday

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, so most of the example sentences on this blog come from lines I've actually heard students ask about. For practice with feedback, Book a trial lesson · $13, or work through Japanese practice exercises first.

Sources: the author's teaching experience; general Japanese dictionaries for readings and meanings; MAFF on sekihan.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4 · Read something at this level: JLPT N4 stories with audio

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