LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N3Lesson notes · Sep 26, 2026

Rebel in Japanese: 反抗はんこうする, 反逆はんぎゃく, 反乱はんらん and 反旗はんきを翻ひるがえす

"To rebel" in Japanese is usually 反抗はんこうする (hankou suru) — a teenager against their parents, an employee against a boss. For rebellion against a ruler it is 反逆はんぎゃく (hangyaku), for an armed uprising 反乱はんらん (hanran), and the idiom "raise the flag of revolt" is 反旗はんきを翻ひるがえす (hanki o hirugaesu).

All four words start with the same kanji, 反はん "against," and that is exactly why they get mixed up. They sound alike, they look alike, and a dictionary gives "rebel" for every one of them. The difference is scale: a sulky fourteen-year-old, a traitor to the crown, and an army in the streets are three different words in Japanese. This article sorts them out, and fixes the mistake I hear most often with the idiom.

The basics

What is the everyday word for "rebel"?

反抗はんこうする. It means to resist or defy someone who has authority over you — parents, teachers, a boss, the rules. It takes the particle に for the person or thing you rebel against.

親おやに反抗はんこうする。 — to rebel against your parents (neutral) 子こどもの頃ころ、よく先生せんせいに反抗はんこうしていました。 — As a kid, I often talked back to my teachers. (polite)

The noun 反抗はんこう期き (hankouki) is "the rebellious phase." Japanese talks about two of them: the toddler one around age two or three, and the teenage one.

うちの息子むすこ、今いまちょうど反抗はんこう期きなんだ。 — My son is right in his rebellious phase. (casual)

The adjective is 反抗はんこう的てき (hankouteki), "defiant":

反抗はんこう的てきな態度たいどはやめなさい。 — Stop with the defiant attitude. (a parent or teacher speaking)

What does 逆さからう mean?

逆さからう (sakarau) is the native-Japanese verb: "to go against, to disobey." It is shorter and more concrete than 反抗はんこうする, and you can use it for things that are not people — the wind, the current, fate.

上司じょうしには逆さからえない。 — I can't go against my boss. (casual, a common complaint) 流ながれに逆さからって泳およぐ。 — to swim against the current (neutral)

If 反抗はんこうする is "rebel," 逆さからう is closer to "defy" or "go against."

What is 反逆はんぎゃく?

反逆はんぎゃく (hangyaku) is rebellion against a ruler or a power you are supposed to be loyal to. It carries the idea of betrayal, which is why it also translates as "treason." A person who does it is a 反逆者はんぎゃくしゃ (hangyakusha).

王おうに反逆はんぎゃくする。 — to rebel against the king (story, historical)

You will not use 反逆はんぎゃく about your parents unless you are joking.

What is 反乱はんらん?

反乱はんらん (hanran) is an uprising: a group, often armed, rising against a government. News and history books use it. 反乱はんらん軍ぐん (hanrangun) is "the rebel army."

地方ちほうで反乱はんらんが起おきた。 — An uprising broke out in the provinces. (news, history)

Beyond the basics

What does 反旗はんきを翻ひるがえす mean?

反旗はんきを翻ひるがえす literally means "to wave the flag of revolt." 反旗はんき is the rebel flag, 翻ひるがえす is "to flip, to wave." Together they mean openly turning against the side you used to be on. It is dramatic, a little literary, and very common in reviews, sports writing, and summaries of anime plots.

主人公しゅじんこうは、ついに組織そしきに反旗はんきを翻ひるがえした。 — The main character finally turned against the organization. (written, plot summary) ベテラン選手せんしゅがチームの方針ほうしんに反旗はんきを翻ひるがえした。 — A veteran player openly rebelled against the team's policy. (sports news)

The important point: 反旗はんき is a noun. It is not a verb, so you cannot say 反旗はんきする. If you want a verb, you either use the full idiom 反旗はんきを翻ひるがえす, or switch to 反抗はんこうする.

Why is 反旗はんき so easy to misuse?

Because it sounds like a verb stem. Learners hear はんき, and since so many two-kanji words become verbs with する (勉強べんきょうする, 反抗はんこうする, 反対はんたいする), 反旗はんきする feels natural. It also sounds exactly like 半期はんき "half a fiscal year," which is why a listener may look confused for a second. The fix is to remember the image: a flag. You do not "flag" in Japanese; you wave it.

How is "rebel" used in anime titles?

Anime and game titles love 反逆はんぎゃく, because it has drama and betrayal built in. The best-known example is Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion, whose Japanese title is コードギアス 反逆はんぎゃくのルルーシュ — 反逆はんぎゃく is right there. You will also see 反逆者はんぎゃくしゃ in fantasy and isekai stories for the hero who is branded a traitor, and 反乱はんらん軍ぐん for any army fighting the empire.

反抗はんこう, on the other hand, shows up in school stories: the delinquent (不良ふりょう, furyou) who is 反抗はんこう的てき toward every teacher.

What about running away from home?

家出いえでする (iede suru) — literally "leave the house." It is the classic teenage act of rebellion, and it is one word. Learners sometimes hear it as 家いえでする ("do it at home"), which is a completely different sentence; the pitch and the context usually make it clear.

高校生こうこうせいのとき、一度いちどだけ家出いえでしたことがある。 — I ran away from home once, when I was in high school. (casual) ルールが厳きびしすぎて、家出いえでしたくなった。 — The rules were so strict I wanted to run away. (casual)

Is there a "rebel" as a personality?

For someone who does not follow the crowd, Japanese often borrows the word: 反骨はんこつ精神せいしん (hankotsu seishin), "a rebellious spirit," is the admiring version. It is used for artists, founders and athletes who refuse to fit in.

あの監督かんとくには反骨はんこつ精神せいしんがある。 — That director has a rebellious streak. (admiring)

Common mistakes

  • 反旗はんきする. 反旗はんき is a noun. Say 反旗はんきを翻ひるがえす, or use 反抗はんこうする.
  • 反抗はんこうする + を. You rebel against someone, so the particle is に: 親おやに反抗はんこうする, not 親おやを反抗はんこうする.
  • 反逆はんぎゃく for parents. 反逆はんぎゃく means treason-level betrayal. For a teenager, say 反抗はんこう.
  • 反乱はんらん for one person. 反乱はんらん is a group uprising. One person rebelling is 反抗はんこう or 反逆はんぎゃく.
  • Mixing up 家出いえで and 家いえで. 家出いえでする (run away from home) is one word. 家いえで is "at home."

Which word should you use?

Word Reading Scale Typical use
反抗はんこうする はんこうする one person vs. authority teenagers, employees, talking back
逆さからう さからう going against a boss, the current, fate
反逆はんぎゃく はんぎゃく betrayal of a ruler history, fantasy, "treason"
反乱はんらん はんらん armed group uprising news, history, 反乱はんらん軍ぐん
反旗はんきを翻ひるがえす はんきをひるがえす openly switching sides reviews, sports, plot summaries
家出いえでする いえでする leaving home in protest teenagers, family stories

Practice

Answers are hidden — try your own sentence first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: the same situation at two different scales.

1. "My daughter rebels against me about everything." (casual)

Show answer

娘むすめは何なんでも私わたしに反抗はんこうする。 — one person against a parent is 反抗はんこうする, with に for the person.

2. "The soldiers rebelled against the government." (news)

Show answer

兵士へいしたちが政府せいふに対たいして反乱はんらんを起おこした。 — an armed group uprising is 反乱はんらん. 反乱はんらんを起おこす is the usual verb.

3. Fix it: 主人公しゅじんこうは組織そしきに反旗はんきした。

Show answer

主人公しゅじんこうは組織そしきに反旗はんきを翻ひるがえした。 — 反旗はんき is a noun, so it needs 翻ひるがえす. 反抗はんこうした also works if you want something simpler.

4. Fix it: 彼かれは先生せんせいを反抗はんこうした。

Show answer

彼かれは先生せんせいに反抗はんこうした。 — you rebel against someone, so the particle is に.

5. "He's in his rebellious phase."

Show answer

今いま、反抗はんこう期きなんだ。 — 反抗はんこう期き is the fixed word for the rebellious phase.

6. "I can't go against my boss." (casual)

Show answer

上司じょうしには逆さからえない。 — 逆さからう is the everyday verb for going against someone. The potential form 逆さからえない means you can't.

7. "I ran away from home once."

Show answer

一度いちど、家出いえでしたことがある。 — 家出いえでする is one word. The たことがある pattern gives "I have done it before."

8. What is the Japanese title of Lelouch of the Rebellion, and which word means "rebellion"?

Show answer

反逆はんぎゃくのルルーシュ — 反逆はんぎゃく is rebellion against a ruler, with a sense of betrayal. That is why the title uses it and not 反抗はんこう.

9. Describe a director you admire: "She has a rebellious spirit."

Show answer

彼女かのじょには反骨はんこつ精神せいしんがある。 — 反骨はんこつ精神せいしん is the admiring way to call someone a rebel.

With a teacher in a trial lesson, describe a teenager's 反抗はんこう期き with 反抗はんこうする, and an anime uprising with 反乱はんらん or 反逆はんぎゃく.

FAQ

What is the most common word for "rebel" in Japanese? 反抗はんこうする. It covers everyday rebellion: children, students, employees. The other words are bigger in scale.

How do you say "rebel" as a noun, meaning a person? It depends on the scale. 反逆者はんぎゃくしゃ is a traitor or rebel against a ruler, and 反乱はんらん軍ぐん is the rebel army. For a non-conformist, people say 反骨はんこつ精神せいしんがある人ひと or just 反抗はんこう的てきな人ひと.

Is 反旗はんきを翻ひるがえす used in conversation? Sometimes, usually with a little humor: 会社かいしゃに反旗はんきを翻ひるがえす ("stage a revolt against the company"). In writing it is much more common.

What is the difference between 反抗はんこう and 反対はんたい? 反対はんたい is "opposition, disagreement" — you can be 反対はんたい to a plan without rebelling against anyone. 反抗はんこう involves defying authority. For polite ways to disagree, see how to disagree politely in Japanese.

Is 反抗はんこうする transitive? No. It works like "rebel against": the person goes with に. If this kind of particle choice keeps tripping you up, transitive and intransitive verbs explains the pattern behind it.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

反抗する	はんこうする — to rebel, to defy
反抗期	はんこうき — rebellious phase
反抗的	はんこうてき — defiant
逆らう	さからう — to go against, to disobey
反逆	はんぎゃく — rebellion, treason
反逆者	はんぎゃくしゃ — rebel, traitor
反乱	はんらん — uprising, revolt
反乱軍	はんらんぐん — rebel army
反旗を翻す	はんきをひるがえす — to openly rebel, to turn against
家出する	いえでする — to run away from home
反骨精神	はんこつせいしん — rebellious spirit
不良	ふりょう — delinquent
上司	じょうし — boss
反対	はんたい — opposition

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. 反旗はんきする is a mistake that shows up with learners who read a lot and pick up words from plot summaries — it is a good sign, because it means the idiom is already in their ears. For more idioms that are really fixed phrases, see Japanese idioms (慣用句かんようく).

Book a trial lesson · $13

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N3 · Read something at this level: JLPT N3 stories with audio

More “Action Words: Japanese Verbs One at a Time” articles →

Want to try this in a real conversation?

30-minute trial lesson, $13. Times shown in your own timezone.

Practice it out loud with a Tokyo native. ★5.0 from 358 italki reviews.

See how the lessons work →

Book a trial lesson · $13