LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

〜くなる and 〜になる: how Japanese says "become

Japanese builds "become" with なる, and the word in front of it has to change shape first: い-adjectives take く, な-adjectives and nouns take に. いそがしく**なる**, しずかに**なる**, 先生せんせいに**なる**. The error is いそがしい**になる**, and nearly every learner makes it.

Once the shape is automatic, this one verb covers an enormous range of everyday sentences — weather, prices, skills, moods, jobs — and its partner する gives you the deliberate version of every single one.

The basics

The three shapes

Word type Change Example
い-adjective い → たかい → たかなる
な-adjective + しずか → しずなる
Noun + 先生せんせい先生せんせいなる

さむくなりましたね。 — It's got cold, hasn't it. (polite past — the standard autumn greeting) 日本語にほんご上手じょうずになりました。 — Your Japanese has got good. (polite past — な-adjective takes に)

The one thing to memorise is that い-adjectives drop their い for く. Everything else takes に. If い-adjective conjugation is already automatic for you, this is the same く you use in たかくない.

なる is a change that happens to you

なる describes a change, not an action someone performs. Nobody makes the weather cold; it becomes cold.

来年らいねん大学生だいがくせいになります。 — I'll be a university student next year. (polite — a change of state over time) もうおそくなったので、かえります。 — It's got late, so I'll head home. (polite — おそい → おそく)

That last one is a very common real sentence: おそくなる ("to get late," and also "to be late") shows up constantly in apologies — おそくなってすみません.

する is the deliberate twin

Swap なる for する and the change becomes something you do on purpose. The shape in front stays identical.

おとちいさくしてください。 — Please turn the volume down. (polite request — literally "make it small") 部屋へやしずかにしてください。 — Please make the room quiet. (polite request)

なる / する is one of the cleanest pairs in Japanese: おおきくなる (it grows) vs おおきくする (you enlarge it), 綺麗きれいになる (it gets clean) vs 綺麗きれいにする (you clean it). Learn them together and you get two sentences for the price of one.

Beyond the basics

上手じょうずになる takes が, not を

This trips people up because the English is "I got good at Japanese" — an object. In Japanese, 上手じょうず is an adjective describing the skill itself, so the skill is the subject:

おとうとはギターが上手じょうずになりました。 — My brother has got good at guitar. (polite past — が, not を)

The same applies to きになる ("come to like"): 彼女かのじょきになった, not 彼女かのじょを. This is the standard が with adjectives of ability and feeling, and it survives into the なる form.

〜なくなる: to stop doing / no longer be

Negatives are い-adjectives too (ない ends in い), so they take く just like the rest:

最近さいきん、テレビをなくなりました。 — I've stopped watching TV lately. (polite past — ない → なく + なる) あめらなくなりました。 — It's stopped raining. (polite past)

This is one of the most useful applications of the pattern, because English needs a whole different verb ("stop") where Japanese just negates and applies なる.

With verbs, you need ようになる or ことになる

なる cannot attach directly to a dictionary-form verb. はなすなる is not a sentence. For a change in what you can do or habitually do, Japanese inserts ように:

日本語にほんごはなせるようになりました。 — I've become able to speak Japanese. (polite past)

That is a grammar point of its own — see 〜ようになる for how it splits from 〜ことになる. The short version: ように covers ability and habit, ことに covers decisions.

The polite ceremony forms

You will hear なる in service Japanese in shapes that look strange at first:

こちらがメニューになります。 — Here is the menu. (overly polite restaurant Japanese)

Grammatically this is odd — the menu is not becoming anything — and many Japanese speakers dislike it. Recognise it, don't copy it. The plain です is correct and sounds better.

~になっている: the resulting state

Adding the teiru form gives you "has become and now is":

えきまえ工事中こうじちゅうになっています。 — The area in front of the station is under construction. (polite — a state that resulted from a change)

This is extremely common in explanations and signage, and it is the same "resulting state" sense of the teiru form you already know from 結婚けっこんしています.

Common mistakes

  • いそがしいになる. い-adjectives never take に. It is いそがしくなる.
  • しずかくなる. な-adjectives never take く. It is しずかになる.
  • Using を with 上手じょうずになる and きになる. Both take が.
  • Attaching なる to a verb. はなすなる is broken. You need はなせるようになる.
  • Copying 〜になります from restaurant staff. こちらがメニューになります is a stylistic quirk, not a model sentence.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: the same idea, different word type.

1. Say "it's got cold" politely, in the past.

Show answer

さむくなりましたさむい is an い-adjective, so い drops and く appears.

2. Say "it's got quiet" politely, in the past.

Show answer

しずかになりましたしずか is a な-adjective, so it takes に. This is the pair to question 1: only the word type changed.

3. Something is wrong here: 最近さいきんいそがしいになりました。

Show answer

いそがしくなりました — い-adjectives take く. This is the single most common error with this grammar.

4. Say "I'll be a university student next year."

Show answer

来年らいねん大学生だいがくせいになります — a noun takes に, the same as a な-adjective.

5. Ask someone to turn the volume down.

Show answer

おとちいさくしてください — する instead of なる, because you are asking someone to cause the change. The く stays the same.

6. Something is wrong here: 日本語にほんご上手じょうずになりました。

Show answer

日本語にほんご上手じょうずになりました上手じょうず is an adjective, so the skill is the subject and takes が, not を.

7. Say "I've stopped watching TV lately."

Show answer

最近さいきん、テレビをなくなりました — ない ends in い, so it becomes なく and takes なる. Japanese needs no separate word for "stop."

8. Something is wrong here: 日本語にほんごはなすなりました。

Show answer

はなせるようになりました — なる cannot attach to a verb directly. ように is the bridge, and the potential form carries "became able to."

9. What is the difference between 綺麗きれいになる and 綺麗きれいにする?

Show answer

It gets clean vs you clean it — なる is a change that happens, する is a change you cause. The shape in front is identical.

10. Why is こちらがメニューになります odd?

Show answer

Nothing is becoming anything — it is over-polite service Japanese. こちらがメニューです is correct and sounds better. Recognise it, don't copy it.

FAQ

Is なる a る-verb or a う-verb? A う-verb: なる → なります → なった → ならない. It looks like a る-verb but conjugates as a う-verb, like かえる and はしる.

How do I say "become" in the future? なります already covers it — Japanese does not have a separate future tense. 来年らいねん先生せんせいになります is next year.

What about "want to become"? なりたい: 医者いしゃになりたいです ("I want to be a doctor"). The verb is regular, so all the usual endings attach.

Can I use なる with a person as the object of change? Yes, if it's a role or state: 友達ともだちになる ("become friends"), きになる ("come to like"), 大人おとなになる ("grow up").

Why do I hear 〜ことになりました at work? That is the decision version: 転勤てんきんすることになりました ("it has been decided I'll transfer"). なる makes the decision sound like it arrived rather than being chosen, which is deliberately modest.

Is なる ever written in kanji? る exists but is rare in ordinary writing. Kana is standard.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

寒い	さむい — cold
高い	たかい — high, expensive
忙しい	いそがしい — busy
静か	しずか — quiet
上手	じょうず — skilled, good at
先生	せんせい — teacher
大学生	だいがくせい — university student
来年	らいねん — next year
遅い	おそい — late, slow
音	おと — sound
小さい	ちいさい — small
大きい	おおきい — big
部屋	へや — room
綺麗	きれい — clean, beautiful
弟	おとうと — younger brother
最近	さいきん — recently
雨	あめ — rain
降る	ふる — to fall (rain)
駅	えき — station
工事中	こうじちゅう — under construction
医者	いしゃ — doctor
大人	おとな — adult
友達	ともだち — friend
転勤	てんきん — job transfer

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. いそがしいになる comes out of nearly every beginner at some point, and it is worth drilling early, because なる is one of the highest-traffic verbs in the language — you will use it several times in any real conversation.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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