LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 28, 2026

〜ことにする vs 〜ことになる: the decision you made, and the one that just happened to you

〜ことにする means "I decide to," and the decision is yours: 日本にほんに行いくことにした, "I decided to go to Japan." 〜ことになる means "it has been decided that," "it turns out that," or "it has been arranged that," and the decision is not yours: 日本にほんに行いくことになった, "it's been arranged that I'm going to Japan." Same grammatical shape, opposite direction of responsibility.

Both patterns attach to the plain form of a verb and both are usually followed by する or なる in the past tense, which is why they get mixed up. But the difference between "I chose this" and "this happened to me" is one of the most useful distinctions in the whole language, because Japanese speakers use it constantly to soften announcements, deflect responsibility, and describe how life actually feels — as something that is decided for you as often as it is decided by you.

The basics

〜ことにする: a decision you made

Plain form + ことにする states a decision the speaker actively made. It is used far more often than the plain volitional form (〜しよう) when announcing a decision out loud, because it frames the decision as a completed act rather than a fresh intention.

来年らいねん、留学りゅうがくすることにしました。 — I've decided to study abroad next year. (polite, announcing a personal decision) タバコをやめることにした。 — I've decided to quit smoking. (casual, a resolution)

Notice the past tense: ことにした, not ことにする. The plain non-past form usually describes a decision being made right now, in the moment of speaking, or a rule the speaker follows going forward — the past tense reports a decision already settled.

〜ことになる: something that has been decided, arranged, or turned out this way

Plain form + ことになる describes a result, arrangement, or rule that came about — often through circumstances, another person's decision, or a natural consequence — rather than through the speaker's own will.

来月らいげつ、大阪おおさかに転勤てんきんすることになりました。 — It's been decided that I'm transferring to Osaka next month. (polite, an assignment from the company, not the speaker's choice) 結局けっきょく、彼女かのじょとは別わかれることになった。 — In the end, things turned out so that we broke up. (casual, framing a painful outcome as something that happened, not something chosen)

This is why ことになる shows up so often in job transfers, schedule changes, and breakups: it lets the speaker report the outcome without claiming to have caused it, whether or not that is strictly true. Plain verbs split the same way, 決きめる for you deciding and 決きまる for it getting settled, and decide in Japanese shows the を-to-が swap that goes with it.

The habitual shape: 〜ことにしている

Add いる to ことにする for a standing personal rule or habit that the speaker keeps by ongoing choice.

毎朝まいあさ、六ろく時じに起おきることにしています。 — I make it a rule to get up at six every morning. (polite, a self-imposed habit)

This is different from just doing something regularly; ことにしている frames it as a decision the speaker keeps re-choosing, which is why it often appears when someone explains a personal policy rather than a plain fact.

Beyond the basics

〜ことになっている: the standing rule everyone follows

Add いる to ことになる for an established rule, custom, or arrangement that applies generally, not just to the speaker.

この学校がっこうでは、制服せいふくを着きることになっています。 — At this school, students are required to wear a uniform. (polite, an institutional rule) 日本にほんでは、家いえに入はいるとき靴くつを脱ぬぐことになっている。 — In Japan, it's the custom to take your shoes off when entering a house. (casual, a cultural norm)

ことになっている describes a rule as if it exists independently of any one person's decision — useful for describing customs, school rules, and company policy without naming who made the rule.

こと vs つもり: settled decision vs current intention

ことにする and つもり (see 〜つもり) both describe intentions, but at different stages of firmness.

Form Stage Feel
〜つもりです Current intention Can still change
〜ことにしました Settled decision Announced, harder to walk back

来年らいねん、留学りゅうがくするつもりです。 — I'm planning to study abroad next year. (polite, an intention that could still shift) 来年らいねん、留学りゅうがくすることにしました。 — I've decided to study abroad next year. (polite, a decision that has been made and announced)

If you can imagine the speaker changing their mind without anyone being surprised, reach for つもり. If the decision has already been made and stated, reach for ことにした.

The negative: 〜ないことにする, treating something as not having happened

The negative of ことにする does not just mean "decide not to" — it can also mean actively choosing to pretend something did not happen, which is a very common and slightly evasive real-life use.

今日きょうは勉強べんきょうしないことにした。 — I've decided not to study today. (casual, a plain decision) その話はなしは聞きかなかったことにします。 — I'll pretend I didn't hear that. (polite, deliberately ignoring something)

The second sentence is a fixed, extremely useful phrase in its own right — 聞きかなかったことにする, "to treat it as if I never heard it," used when someone wants to let an awkward comment slide without addressing it directly, in the same spirit as the concessions covered in 〜のに.

〜ことにしよう: inviting yourself, or the group, to a decision

The volitional form of する attached to こと proposes a decision on the spot, softer and more casual than ことにする in the plain form.

もう遅おそいから、今日きょうはこれで終おわることにしよう。 — It's getting late, so let's call it a day. (casual, proposing to end things now)

This shape often appears when a speaker is talking through a decision out loud, landing on it in real time, rather than reporting one already made.

Reporting someone else's arrangement politely

Because ことになる removes the speaker's own agency from the sentence, it is often the more polite, less presumptuous way to announce news that affects other people, even when the speaker actually had some say in it.

来月らいげつから、田中たなかさんが担当たんとうすることになりました。 — Starting next month, Mr. Tanaka will be in charge. (polite, a workplace announcement)

Saying 田中たなかさんが担当たんとうすることにしました instead would imply the speaker personally made that call, which may overstate their authority; ことになりました quietly credits the outcome to "the arrangement" rather than to any one person.

Common mistakes

  • Using ことにする for something you did not decide. A company transfer, a national holiday, or an inherited family custom should be ことになる, not ことにする.
  • Using ことになる to describe your own personal resolution. "I decided to quit smoking" is your choice: タバコをやめることにした, not ことになった.
  • Forgetting いる for standing rules and habits. 制服せいふくを着きることになる describes a single event; the ongoing school rule needs 制服せいふくを着きることになっている.
  • Attaching ない to the dictionary form. The negative goes on the verb itself: 聞きかないことにする / 聞きかなかったことにする, not 聞きくないことにする.
  • Treating ことになる as always passive-sounding in a bad way. It is often simply the polite, deflecting way to share news, not a sign of resentment.

FAQ

Can ことになる describe something good? Yes. 来年らいねん、結婚けっこんすることになりました ("it's been decided that we're getting married next year") uses ことになる for happy news too — it is about who made the decision, not whether the outcome is good or bad.

Is ことにする the same as 〜しよう? They are related but not identical. 〜しよう is a fresh volitional intention spoken in the moment; ことにする reports a decision as a settled, completed act, often after some thought.

Why do Japanese speakers use ことになる so much for their own news? It softens the announcement. Saying 転勤てんきんすることになりました sounds less like boasting or complaining than 転勤てんきんすることにしました, even when the speaker had some choice in the matter.

Can I use ことにする in the present tense? Yes, for a decision being made right now or a standing personal policy: 毎朝まいあさ走はしることにする can describe a fresh decision, while 毎朝まいあさ走はしることにしている describes an ongoing habit.

Does ことになっている always describe a formal rule? No — it also covers informal, unwritten expectations, like a family custom or a habitual arrangement between friends, not just official policy.

Practice

1. Say "I've decided to study abroad next year."

Show answer

来年らいねん、留学りゅうがくすることにしました。 — ことにした reports a decision the speaker made.

2. Say "it's been decided that I'm transferring to Osaka next month" (a company decision, not yours).

Show answer

来月らいげつ、大阪おおさかに転勤てんきんすることになりました。 — ことになった removes the speaker's own agency from the announcement.

3. Say "I make it a rule to get up at six every morning."

Show answer

毎朝まいあさ、六ろく時じに起おきることにしています。 — ことにしている marks a standing personal habit kept by choice.

4. Say "at this school, students are required to wear a uniform" (a general rule, not the speaker's decision).

Show answer

この学校がっこうでは、制服せいふくを着きることになっています。 — ことになっている describes an institutional rule, not a personal choice.

5. Which is correct for "I've decided to quit smoking": タバコをやめることにした or タバコをやめることになった?

Show answer

タバコをやめることにした。 — Quitting smoking is the speaker's own decision, so ことにする is correct.

6. Say "I'll pretend I didn't hear that," politely.

Show answer

その話はなしは聞きかなかったことにします。 — 聞きかなかったことにする is a fixed phrase for deliberately letting something slide.

7. What is the difference between 留学りゅうがくするつもりです and 留学りゅうがくすることにしました?

Show answer

An intention that can still change, vs a decision already settled and announced. — つもり is earlier and softer; ことにした is later and firmer.

8. Say "it's getting late, so let's call it a day," proposing the decision on the spot.

Show answer

もう遅おそいから、今日きょうはこれで終おわることにしよう。 — The volitional ことにしよう proposes a decision being reached in real time.

9. True or false: ことになる can only be used for bad news.

Show answer

False. — 結婚けっこんすることになりました ("it's been decided that we're getting married") shows ことになる works for happy news too.

10. Rewrite politely, crediting the arrangement rather than yourself: 田中たなかさんが担当たんとうすることにしました。

Show answer

田中たなかさんが担当たんとうすることになりました。 — ことになりました quietly credits the outcome to the arrangement rather than to the speaker's own authority.

A trial lesson is a good place to tell me a decision you made using 〜ことにした, and a change that was arranged for you using 〜ことになった.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

留学する	りゅうがくする — to study abroad
タバコをやめる	たばこをやめる — to quit smoking
転勤する	てんきんする — to be transferred (for work)
別れる	わかれる — to break up, to part
起きる	おきる — to get up, to wake up
制服	せいふく — school uniform
着る	きる — to wear
靴	くつ — shoes
脱ぐ	ぬぐ — to take off
結局	けっきょく — in the end
話	はなし — story, matter
聞く	きく — to hear, to listen
終わる	おわる — to end, to finish
担当する	たんとうする — to be in charge of
結婚する	けっこんする — to get married
遅い	おそい — late

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, and I still remind students that a Japanese person announcing a promotion with ことになりました is not being modest by accident — it is one of the most reliable habits in the language, and worth copying.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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