LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

い-adjectives vs な-adjectives: the split, and the words that lie about it

Japanese has two kinds of adjective. い-adjectives carry their own tense and negation (たかい → たかくない → たかかった). な-adjectives do not conjugate at all — they behave like nouns and borrow だ/です. The catch is that きれい, きらい, 有名ゆうめい and 元気げんき all end in い and are in the second group.

Almost every beginner error with Japanese adjectives comes from putting a word in the wrong group. Sort the word first, and the endings follow mechanically.

The basics

How to tell them apart

An い-adjective ends in い in its dictionary form, with the い not part of a kanji reading. Everything else is a な-adjective.

い-adjective な-adjective
たかい, やすい, おおきい, ちいさい, あたらしい, 面白おもしろ しずか, 便利べんり, 元気げんき, 有名ゆうめい, き, きらい, きれい, 上手じょうず

The reliable test is the noun-modifying form: if you need な to put it in front of a noun, it is a な-adjective.

しずかな部屋へやがいいです。 — I'd like a quiet room. (polite — な-adjective needs な) あたらしい部屋へやがいいです。 — I'd like a new room. (polite — い-adjective attaches directly)

The conjugation table

This is the whole grammar point on one screen:

い-adjective (たかい) な-adjective (しずか)
Present たか しず
Negative たかくない しずじゃない
Past たかかった しずだった
Past negative たかくなかった しずじゃなかった
Before a noun たかみせ しずみせ
Connecting たかくて しず
As an adverb たか しず

Politeness is added on top: たかいです, たかくないです, しずかです, しずかじゃないです. Note what does not happen — たかいでした does not exist, because the い-adjective already carries the past in かった.

The words that lie

These end in い and are な-adjectives:

きれい, きらい, 有名ゆうめい, 元気げんき, しあわ(ends in せ but often mistaken), 得意とくい

きれいな写真しゃしんですね。 — What a lovely photo. (polite — きれいな, never きれいい) 納豆なっとうきらいでした。 — I used to dislike natto. (polite past — きらいだった, not いやかった)

きれい is written 綺麗きれい in kanji, and the い is part of れい — which is the actual reason it is not an い-adjective. The same applies to きらい (いや + い as okurigana of a noun-like form). You do not need the etymology; you need the list.

Beyond the basics

いい is irregular, and it matters

いい ("good") conjugates from its older form よい:

Form いい
Present いい
Negative くない
Past かった
Past negative くなかった
Adverb

よかったです。 — That was good / I'm glad. (polite past — いかった does not exist)

かっこいい follows the same pattern: かっこよかった. This trips up learners for a long time because いい is one of the first words you learn and the only one that behaves this way.

Connecting two adjectives

Use て/で to stack them, not と:

やすくて美味おいしいみせです。 — It's a cheap, tasty place. (polite — い-adjective + くて) しずかできれいな部屋へやでした。 — It was a quiet, clean room. (polite past — な-adjective + で)

と connects nouns, not adjectives. やすいと美味おいしい is a conditional sentence ("if it's cheap, it's tasty"), which is not what you meant — see the conditionals for what と actually does.

The adverb forms

い-adjectives take く; な-adjectives take に:

はやきましょう。 — Let's go quickly. (polite) しずかにしてください。 — Please be quiet. (polite request)

These are the same く and に that appear in 〜くなる and 〜になる, which is not a coincidence — なる takes the adverbial form.

な-adjectives are basically nouns

This is the framing that makes them easy. しずか behaves like a noun: it takes だ/です, it takes な before another noun (the same way の links two nouns), and it takes で to connect. Some of them genuinely are nouns as well: 元気げんき ("energy"), 病気びょうき ("illness"), 自由じゆう ("freedom").

Once you think of な-adjectives as nouns with a な, you never have to memorise their conjugation — it is the だ/です pattern you already know.

The ones that go both ways

A few words appear with either ending, with a difference in feel:

  • おおきい / おおきなおおきな is slightly more literary and only works before a nouns
  • ちいさい / ちいさな — same
  • あたたかい / あたたかい — different kanji, same sound: だん for weather, おん for objects and people

Common mistakes

  • きれいい / きれいな写真しゃしん vs きれい写真しゃしん. きれい is a な-adjective: きれいな写真しゃしん.
  • たかいでした. The past is たかかったです. い-adjectives never take でした.
  • いやかった. きらい is a な-adjective: きらいだった.
  • いかった. The past of いい is よかった.
  • やすいと美味おいしい. Use くて to stack adjectives: やすくて美味おいしい.
  • しずかの部屋へや. Before a noun, な-adjectives take な, not の: しずかな部屋へや.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: both end in い, and only one of them conjugates.

1. Put たかい into the past, politely.

Show answer

たかかったです — an い-adjective carries its own past in かった. たかいでした does not exist.

2. Put きれい into the past, politely.

Show answer

きれいでした — きれい ends in い but is a な-adjective, so it borrows でした. This is the pair to question 1.

3. Something is wrong here: しずかの部屋へやがいいです。

Show answer

しずかな部屋へや — な-adjectives take な before a noun, not の.

4. What is the past of いい?

Show answer

よかった — いい conjugates from its older form よい. いかった does not exist.

5. Something is wrong here: このみせやすいと美味おいしいです。

Show answer

やすくて美味おいしいです — くて stacks adjectives. と would make it a conditional.

6. Connect しずか and きれい in front of 部屋へや.

Show answer

しずかできれいな部屋へや — な-adjectives connect with で, and the last one takes な before the noun.

7. Something is wrong here: 納豆なっとういやかったです。

Show answer

きらいでしたきらい is a な-adjective despite the い.

8. Make an adverb from はやい and from しずか.

Show answer

はやく / しずかに — い-adjectives take く, な-adjectives take に. These are the same forms なる uses.

9. What is the quickest test for which group a word is in?

Show answer

Put it in front of a noun — if it needs な, it is a な-adjective. If it attaches directly, it is an い-adjective.

10. Negate 便利べんり and 面白おもしろい, plainly.

Show answer

便利べんりじゃない / 面白おもしろくない — な-adjectives borrow じゃない from the noun pattern; い-adjectives use くない.

FAQ

How many な-adjectives end in い? Not many, and the common ones are a short list: きれい, きらい, 有名ゆうめい, 元気げんき, 得意とくい, さいわい. Learn the list and you have covered almost all of them.

Is き an adjective? Yes, a な-adjective — which is why it takes が for its object: ねこきです, not ねこきです.

What about おおい and すくない? Both are い-adjectives, with one quirk: they do not normally sit directly in front of a noun. Say ひとおおみせ rather than おおみせ.

Do な-adjectives ever take の? Only when they are functioning as plain nouns: 元気げんき秘訣ひけつ ("the secret of energy"). As adjectives, they take な.

Is おなじ a な-adjective? It is the odd one out — it goes straight before a noun with no な: おなほん. Treat it as its own case.

Why do some sources call them "adjectival nouns"? Because that is what な-adjectives grammatically are. If the term helps you, use it; the endings are the same either way.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

高い	たかい — expensive, high
安い	やすい — cheap
大きい	おおきい — big
小さい	ちいさい — small
新しい	あたらしい — new
面白い	おもしろい — interesting
早い	はやい — early, quick
美味しい	おいしい — tasty
多い	おおい — many
少ない	すくない — few
静か	しずか — quiet
便利	べんり — convenient
元気	げんき — well, energetic
有名	ゆうめい — famous
好き	すき — to like
嫌い	きらい — to dislike
綺麗	きれい — clean, beautiful
上手	じょうず — skilled
得意	とくい — good at, strong in
部屋	へや — room
店	みせ — shop
写真	しゃしん — photo
納豆	なっとう — natto
病気	びょうき — illness
自由	じゆう — freedom
同じ	おなじ — same
猫	ねこ — cat

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners who keep making adjective mistakes are almost never confused about the endings — they have simply filed a word in the wrong group. Sorting きれい and きらい correctly fixes half the errors on its own.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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