LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

ある vs いる: two verbs for "there is," and the line is not quite "alive

Japanese has two verbs for "there is": いる for things that move under their own power, ある for everything else. Textbooks say "animate versus inanimate," which is close enough to start with and wrong at the edges — plants are alive and take ある, and a taxi can take either depending on whether someone is driving it.

Both take が, both are irregular in useful ways, and ある has a second job that is arguably more common than its first: saying that an event exists.

The basics

The core split

Verb Used for Example
いる People, animals — things that move themselves ねこがいます
ある Objects, plants, buildings, abstract things ほんがあります

部屋へやねこがいます。 — There's a cat in the room. (polite — animate) つくえうえほんがあります。 — There's a book on the desk. (polite — inanimate)

Note the particle pattern: place + に + thing + が + ある/いる. The place takes に because に marks a point of existence, and the thing takes が because it is what exists.

The negative and past forms

ある is irregular in the negative — this is the one conjugation to memorise:

ある いる
Polite あります います
Polite negative ありません いません
Plain ある いる
Plain negative ない (not あらない) いない
Plain past あった いた

ない is not a separate word you learn later — it is the plain negative of ある, which is why it turns up everywhere in the language as a negative ending.

Both take が, never を

時間じかんがありません。 — I don't have time. (polite — が, not を)

を never appears with these verbs. If you find yourself writing 時間じかんをあります, the sentence has slipped into English word order. The が here is the ordinary "what exists" が.

Beyond the basics

The edge cases, and what the line really is

The rule is not "alive." It is moves under its own power:

Thing Verb Why
Plant, tree, flower ある Alive, but does not move itself
Fish, insect いる Moves itself
A parked, empty taxi ある Just an object
A taxi with a driver waiting いる There is a person in it
A robot or an AI character Usually いる Treated as an agent
A dead person, remembered いる Still a person in the speaker's framing
A bus on the timetable ある A scheduled service, not a vehicle

にわがあります。 — There's a tree in the garden. (polite — plants take ある) そとにタクシーがいます。 — There's a taxi outside. (polite — implying a driver is in it, waiting)

That last distinction is real and native speakers use it without thinking. あります for the taxi describes a vehicle; います describes a taxi that could drive you somewhere.

ある also means "an event happens"

This use is at least as frequent as the "object exists" one:

明日あした会議かいぎがあります。 — There's a meeting tomorrow. (polite — an event) 日曜日にちようびにテストがありました。 — There was a test on Sunday. (polite past)

An event is not a physical thing sitting somewhere, but Japanese treats "the meeting exists" as the natural way to say it takes place. The same pattern covers 用事ようじがある ("I have something on"), 時間じかんがある, パーティーがある.

ある for possession

くるまがありますか。 — Do you have a car? (polite — literally "does a car exist [for you]?")

For possessions, ある and っている overlap. ある is more about availability, っている more about ownership in hand. For people — family, friends — it is いる: 兄弟きょうだいがいますか ("do you have siblings?").

いる vs 〜ている

These look the same and are not. いる on its own is the verb "to exist." Attached to a te-form, it makes the teiru form:

部屋へやいぬがいます。 — There's a dog in the room. (the verb いる) いぬはしっています。 — The dog is running. (te-form + いる)

The grammar came from the same word, which is why はしっている literally reads as "exists in a state of having run."

ある in fixed expressions

Several very common phrases are just ある doing its job:

意味いみがありません。 — It's meaningless / there's no point. (polite)

Also 興味きょうみがある ("to be interested"), 関係かんけいがある ("to be related"), 人気にんきがある ("to be popular"). These are worth learning whole, because the English equivalents are adjectives and the Japanese ones are existence sentences.

Common mistakes

  • くるまがいます for a parked car. Unless someone is in it, use あります.
  • いぬがあります. Animals move themselves: います.
  • Using を. 時間じかんをあります is not a sentence. It is 時間じかんがあります.
  • あらない. The plain negative of ある is ない, full stop.
  • 兄弟きょうだいがあります. People take いる: 兄弟きょうだいがいます.
  • Forgetting the event use. "There's a meeting" is 会議かいぎがあります, not 会議かいぎをします unless you are the one holding it.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair: same taxi, and the verb tells you whether anyone is in it.

1. Say "there's a cat in the room."

Show answer

部屋へやねこがいます — place + に, thing + が, and いる because a cat moves itself.

2. Something is wrong here: つくえうえほんがいます。

Show answer

ほんがあります — a book does not move under its own power.

3. What is the plain negative of ある?

Show answer

ない — not あらない. This is why ない turns up as the negative ending throughout the language.

4. There is an empty parked taxi outside. Say it.

Show answer

そとにタクシーがあります — with nobody in it, it is just an object.

5. There is a taxi outside with a driver waiting. Say it.

Show answer

そとにタクシーがいます — います implies someone is in it and it could take you somewhere. This is the pair to question 4.

6. Something is wrong here: にわがいます。

Show answer

があります — plants are alive but do not move themselves. The line is movement, not life.

7. Say "there's a meeting tomorrow."

Show answer

明日あした会議かいぎがあります — Japanese says an event "exists." This use of ある is at least as common as the object one.

8. Something is wrong here: 時間じかんをありません。

Show answer

時間じかんがありません — ある and いる never take を. The sentence has slipped into English word order.

9. Ask someone whether they have siblings.

Show answer

兄弟きょうだいがいますか — people take いる, even in the "do you have" sense.

10. What is the difference between 部屋へやいぬがいます and いぬはしっています?

Show answer

The verb いる vs the te-form + いる — the first says the dog exists there, the second is the progressive. They come from the same word, which is why they look alike.

FAQ

Are ある and いる written in kanji? る and る exist but are rarely used. Kana is standard for both.

Which one for a robot? Usually いる, because it is treated as an agent. A switched-off machine in a box is ある.

What about a bus? バスがあります for the service ("there's a bus at 7"), バスがいます for a specific bus sitting there.

Is いらっしゃる related? Yes — it is the honorific form of いる (and of く and る). 先生せんせいがいらっしゃいます is the polite way to say a teacher is present.

Why is ある's negative ない? Historically ない is a separate adjective meaning "non-existent," which took over the negative slot. That is also why it conjugates like an い-adjective: なかった, なくて.

Can I use ある about people ever? In some fixed and literary phrasings (どもがある for having children is dated but exists). As a learner, use いる for people every time.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

部屋	へや — room
猫	ねこ — cat
机	つくえ — desk
上	うえ — on top, above
本	ほん — book
時間	じかん — time
庭	にわ — garden
木	き — tree
外	そと — outside
犬	いぬ — dog
走る	はしる — to run
明日	あした — tomorrow
会議	かいぎ — meeting
日曜日	にちようび — Sunday
用事	ようじ — an errand, something on
車	くるま — car
兄弟	きょうだい — siblings
意味	いみ — meaning
興味	きょうみ — interest
関係	かんけい — relation
人気	にんき — popularity
先生	せんせい — teacher
子ども	こども — child

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The taxi pair is the one I use in lessons, because it shows the rule is not a biology question. Japanese is asking whether the thing can act — and once a learner hears that, the plants stop being confusing.

Book a trial lesson · $13

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

Want to try this in a real conversation?

30-minute trial lesson, $13. Times shown in your own timezone.

Book a trial lesson · $13