LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

あげる, くれる, もらう: which way is the thing moving?

Japanese has two words for "give" — あげる and くれる — and choosing between them has nothing to do with politeness. あげる is used when the thing moves away from you; くれる when it moves toward you. もらう flips the sentence around so the receiver is the subject.

English has one "give" and lets word order sort out who got what. Japanese instead builds the direction into the verb, which means a sentence with the wrong verb is not slightly off — it points the wrong way.

The basics

The three verbs

わたし友達ともだちにプレゼントをあげました。 — I gave my friend a present. (away from me) 友達ともだちわたしにプレゼントをくれました。 — My friend gave me a present. (toward me) わたし友達ともだちにプレゼントをもらいました。 — I received a present from my friend. (toward me, told from my side)

Look at what changes: in the くれる sentence, the friend is the subject. In the もらう sentence, I am the subject. Both describe the same event from different ends.

Verb Who is the subject Direction Particle for the other person
あげる The giver (usually me) Away from me
くれる The giver (someone else) Toward me に (often dropped)
もらう The receiver (usually me) Toward me に or から

The rule that decides everything

くれる is the only one of the three that can point at you. If something arrives at you or at someone in your circle, the verb is くれる — or もらう if you want to be the subject. あげる can never do it.

友達ともだちわたしほんをあげました。 。○ 友達ともだちわたしほんをくれました。 — My friend gave me a book.

This is the single most common mistake with this set, and it is worth over-correcting: the moment the receiver is you, あげる is off the table.

"Your circle" is wider than you

くれる also covers your family, your team, your company — anyone Japanese treats as inside your group.

先生せんせいおとうとほんをくれました。 — The teacher gave my younger brother a book. (my brother counts as my side) 部長ぶちょう息子むすこにプレゼントをくれた。 — The manager gave my son a present.

This is the same in-group instinct that runs through the polite-vs-casual switch: Japanese constantly asks whether someone is inside or outside your circle, and grammar changes with the answer.

Beyond the basics

The polite and humble versions

Each verb has a version for when the other person outranks you. These are not optional decoration — you will hear them constantly in shops and offices.

Neutral Humble (I do it) Honorific (they do it)
あげる さしあげる
くれる くださる
もらう いただく

先生せんせいほんをくださいました。 — My teacher gave me a book. (honorific — they are above me) 先生せんせいほんをいただきました。 — I received a book from my teacher. (humble — I lower myself)

くださる and いただく describe the same event from the two ends, exactly like くれる and もらう. And やる is the downward version of あげる, used for plants, pets and small children — はなみずをやる ("water the flowers"). Used toward an adult it is rude, so recognise it and do not produce it.

The te-form versions: doing favours

Attach these to the te-form and they stop being about objects and start being about actions.

友達ともだち手伝てつだってくれた。 — A friend helped me (and I'm grateful). 友達ともだち手伝てつだってもらった。 — I got a friend to help me. (same event, my side) 友達ともだち手伝てつだってあげた。 — I helped my friend (as a favour).

This is how Japanese expresses gratitude structurally. 友達ともだち手伝てつだった is grammatically correct and sounds cold — like a report. くれる is what makes it a kindness.

The trap: 〜てあげる can sound condescending

Because あげる frames the action as a favour you are bestowing, using it toward someone senior is a real mistake.

先生せんせいおしえてあげます。 。○ 先生せんせいおしえていただきました。 — My teacher taught me. (humble, correct)

ってあげる ("I'll carry it for you") said to a friend is warm. Said to a client, it announces that you are doing them a favour. With anyone above you, either drop the あげる entirely (ちます) or switch to the offering form (おちします).

The safe habit: use 〜てくれる and 〜てもらう freely, and be careful every single time you reach for 〜てあげる.

〜ていただけますか — the most useful polite request

もらう's humble form gives you the standard polite request, and it is the single highest-value phrase in this whole family.

手伝てつだっていただけますか。 — Could you help me? (formal, polite) 手伝てつだってもらえますか。 — Could you help me? (polite, everyday) 手伝てつだってくれる? — Can you help me? (casual)

That ladder works with any verb in the te-form: せていただけますか, ってもらえますか, してくれる?. Learn the three rungs once and every verb you know becomes a polite request.

How does it sound in anime?

くれる carries most of the emotional weight, because it is the verb of someone doing something for you:

てくれてありがとう。 — Thank you for coming. (literally "thank you for coming for me") たすけてくれた。 — You saved me. しんじてくれるの? — You'll believe me?

てくれてありがとう is worth memorising exactly as it stands. てありがとう is not what people say — the くれて is what turns the arrival into something done for you, and without it the thanks has nothing to attach to.

Common mistakes

  • あげる for something given to you. 友達ともだちわたしほんをあげました is wrong. If it arrives at you, the verb is くれる.
  • 〜てあげる toward someone senior. It frames you as doing them a favour. Use the plain verb or a humble form instead.
  • Forgetting your family counts as "you." 先生せんせいおとうとほんをくれました — your brother is inside your circle, so くれる is right.
  • Using やる toward an adult. It is the downward form, fine for plants and pets, rude to people.
  • Dropping くれる when someone helped you. 友達ともだち手伝てつだった is a report; 友達ともだち手伝てつだってくれた is gratitude. Japanese expects the second.
  • Mixing up who takes が. With くれる the giver is the subject; with もらう the receiver is. Swapping them produces a sentence that says the opposite of what happened.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 2 and 3 are a pair: the same event, told from the two ends.

1. Something is wrong here: 友達ともだちわたしほんをあげました。

Show answer

友達ともだちわたしほんをくれました — the book arrives at you, so it must be くれる. あげる can never point at the speaker.

2. Say "my friend gave me a present," with the friend as the subject.

Show answer

友達ともだちがプレゼントをくれました — with くれる, the giver takes が. わたしに is usually dropped because くれる already tells you it came to you.

3. Say the same thing with yourself as the subject.

Show answer

わたし友達ともだちにプレゼントをもらいました — もらう flips the sentence: the receiver becomes the subject, and the giver takes に or から. This is the pair to question 2 — same event, opposite end.

4. Your teacher gave your younger brother a book. Which verb?

Show answer

くれる — 先生せんせいおとうとほんをくれました — your brother is inside your circle, so the book arrived on your side of the line.

5. Something is wrong here: 先生せんせいおしえてあげます。

Show answer

先生せんせいおしえていただきました — 〜てあげる frames you as granting a favour, which cannot point upward. Use the humble いただく instead.

6. Say "a friend helped me" so that it sounds grateful.

Show answer

友達ともだち手伝てつだってくれた — without くれた it is a flat report. くれる is how Japanese marks something as done for you.

7. Make 手伝てつだってくれる? into a formal polite request.

Show answer

手伝てつだっていただけますか — the ladder runs くれる? → もらえますか → いただけますか, from casual to formal. It works with any te-form verb.

8. What is the honorific version of くれる, and who is it for?

Show answer

くださる — for when the giver is above you先生せんせいほんをくださいました. Its partner いただく tells the same event from your side.

9. Why is はなみずをやる fine but 先生せんせいほんをやる rude?

Show answer

やる is the downward form — normal for plants, pets and small children, and insulting toward an adult, especially a superior.

10. Why is てありがとう not what people say?

Show answer

It's missing くれててくれてありがとう. The くれて is what marks the arrival as something done for you, which is what the thanks attaches to.

FAQ

Is あげる ever used when I'm not the giver? Yes — for two other people, when neither is in your circle: 田中たなかさんが山田やまださんにほんをあげました. The rule is not "I give"; it is "it does not come toward me or mine."

Can I drop わたしに with くれる? Almost always, and you usually should. くれる already says it came to you, so 友達ともだちがプレゼントをくれました is more natural than spelling out わたしに.

What about 〜てくれない? and 〜てもらえない? Both are requests in negative form, and like ませんか the negative makes them softer: 手伝てつだってくれない? ("couldn't you help me?"). 〜ていただけないでしょうか is the very formal end of the same idea.

Is いただきます at meals the same word? Yes, and it explains the phrase: いただきます is the humble "I receive," said before eating to acknowledge receiving the food. It is not "let's eat" — it is closer to "I gratefully receive this."

How do I say "I had someone do it" versus "I made them do it"? 〜てもらう is "I got them to do it," and it implies they were willing. For making someone do something against their preference, you need the causative させる. 手伝てつだってもらった and 手伝てつだわせた are very different social situations.

Does もらう take に or から? Both work with people. から is clearer and is required when the giver is an organisation: 会社かいしゃからもらいました. With an individual, 友達ともだちにもらった and 友達ともだちからもらった are both fine.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

あげる	あげる — to give (away from me)
くれる	くれる — to give (toward me)
もらう	もらう — to receive
くださる	くださる — to give (honorific)
いただく	いただく — to receive (humble)
友達	ともだち — friend
本	ほん — book
先生	せんせい — teacher
弟	おとうと — younger brother
息子	むすこ — son
部長	ぶちょう — department manager
手伝う	てつだう — to help
教える	おしえる — to teach
助ける	たすける — to save, to help
信じる	しんじる — to believe
持つ	もつ — to carry, to hold
見せる	みせる — to show
待つ	まつ — to wait
貸す	かす — to lend
花	はな — flower
水	みず — water
会社	かいしゃ — company

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The conjugation is easy and the direction is not — and the mistake that actually matters is 〜てあげる pointed upward, because it is grammatically perfect and quietly announces that you have done your boss a favour.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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