LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

つもり: how to say what you intend to do — and the つもり that means you were wrong

つもり states an intention you have already settled on. It is not a wish, not a schedule and not a decision you just made — those are different words. And a past-tense つもり flips the whole thing: かったつもり means you only *thought* you understood.

The conjugation is trivial: plain form plus つもり. What makes this worth an article is everything around it — the three ways Japanese talks about future plans and the fact that one of them means the opposite of what it looks like.

The basics

How to build it

Attach つもり to the plain form. Nothing changes shape.

Type Form With つもり
Verb くつもりです
Verb, negative かない かないつもりです
Verb, past った ったつもりです (different meaning — see below)

来年らいねん日本にほんくつもりです。 — I'm planning to go to Japan next year. 今日きょうはやかえるつもりです。 — I intend to go home early today. 明日あしたなにもしないつもりだ。 — I don't intend to do anything tomorrow. (casual)

つもり is a noun, so it takes です and な before another noun — くつもりのひと ("someone who intends to go"). That is why くつもりがあります sounds odd: you do not "have" an intention in Japanese, you are one.

The three ways to talk about a plan

This is the part worth getting right, because they are not interchangeable.

Form What it means Example
〜(よ)うとおも I've just decided / I'm thinking of こうとおもいます
〜つもりです I've already decided, it's settled くつもりです
予定よていです It's scheduled, with a date 予定よていです

来年らいねん日本にほんこうとおもいます。 — I'm thinking of going to Japan next year. (soft, possibly new) 来年らいねん日本にほんくつもりです。 — I intend to go next year. (settled in my head) 来年らいねん三月さんがつ予定よていです。 — I'm scheduled to go next March. (it's in the calendar)

The volitional plus とおもう comes from the same form as ましょう and is the softest of the three — which makes it the safest answer when someone asks about your plans and you do not want to commit.

予定よてい is for things with dates, and crucially it works for events that are not your decision: 会議かいぎは3ときからの予定よていです ("the meeting is scheduled from three"). つもり cannot do that, because a meeting has no intentions.

The two negatives are different strengths

This trips up nearly everyone.

かないつもりです。 — I intend not to go. (I've decided against it) くつもりはありません。 — I have no intention of going. (firm, and can sound cold)

The first negates the action; the second negates the intention itself, and it is noticeably stronger. つもりはない is close to a refusal — あやまるつもりはない ("I have no intention of apologising") is a line, not a plan.

Beyond the basics

〜たつもり: you only thought you had

Put つもり after a past-tense verb and the meaning inverts completely. It stops being about the future and becomes about a mistaken belief.

かったつもりでした。 — I thought I understood. (I didn't) いたつもりだったけど、いてなかった。 — I was sure I'd written it, but I hadn't. わかいつもりだ。 — He thinks he's still young. (and he isn't)

This is one of the most useful self-deprecating patterns in the language, and かったつもり is a phrase teachers use constantly — it names the exact state of having heard an explanation and absorbed none of it.

There is also a deliberate version: doing something as if.

旅行りょこうしたつもりで貯金ちょきんする。 — Save the money as though you'd taken the trip. んだつもりでやってみろ。 — Try it as if you had nothing to lose.

Can you use it about other people?

Yes, but carefully. Stating someone else's intention as fact is a claim about the inside of their head.

かれ来年らいねん留学りゅうがくするつもりです。 — He intends to study abroad next year. (you know this)部長ぶちょうくつもりです。 (asserting your manager's intentions — risky)

With people above you, hedge: くつもりのようです ("it seems he intends to go") or くとおっしゃっていました ("he said he would go"). The same instinct that drives 〜んです applies — Japanese prefers to present information as received rather than asserted.

Why くつもりがあります is odd

Because Japanese treats つもり as what you are, not what you have. くつもりです is the natural form. The がある version only really appears in the negative, where it is idiomatic: くつもりはありません.

This is worth noticing as a pattern rather than a rule to memorise — がある, 予定よていがある and つもりがある behave differently from each other for historical reasons, and the safest path is to learn the positive as です and the negative as はありません.

How does it sound in anime?

The negative and the past version both carry a lot of weight:

あやまるつもりはない。 — I have no intention of apologising. ころすつもりはなかった。 — I didn't mean to kill him. かったつもりか。 — You think you understand?

ころすつもりはなかった is worth flagging because it shows the grammar doing legal work: it is the difference between intent and accident, said in four words. And かったつもりか as an accusation is the same 〜たつもり you would use about yourself, turned outward.

Common mistakes

  • くつもりがあります. Use くつもりです for the positive, and save はありません for the negative.
  • Using つもり for a scheduled event. 会議かいぎは3ときからのつもりです is wrong — meetings do not intend things. Use 予定よてい.
  • Confusing the two negatives. かないつもり is a plan; くつもりはない is closer to a refusal.
  • Reading 〜たつもり as a past plan. ったつもり is not "I intended to go"; it means you believed you had gone, or you are pretending you did.
  • Asserting a superior's intentions. Hedge with ようです or report their words.
  • Using つもり when you just decided. If the thought is new, 〜(よ)うとおもいます is the natural form. つもり claims it was already settled.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair: two negatives, two very different strengths.

1. Say "I'm planning to go to Japan next year."

Show answer

来年らいねん日本にほんくつもりです — plain form plus つもり. Nothing conjugates; つもり is a noun taking です.

2. Someone asks about your weekend and you have only just had the idea. Which form?

Show answer

〜(よ)うとおもいます — the volitional plus とおもう is for a decision you are making now. つもり claims it was already settled.

3. Something is wrong here: 会議かいぎは3ときからのつもりです。

Show answer

会議かいぎは3ときからの予定よていです — a meeting has no intentions. 予定よてい covers scheduled events, including ones that are not your decision.

4. What does かないつもりです mean?

Show answer

I intend not to go — you have decided against it. A plan, stated calmly.

5. What does くつもりはありません mean?

Show answer

I have no intention of going — this negates the intention itself and is much firmer. This is the pair to question 4: near-refusal rather than a plan.

6. What does かったつもりでした mean?

Show answer

"I thought I understood" — and I didn't — つもり after a past verb means a mistaken belief, not a past plan.

7. What does 旅行りょこうしたつもりで貯金ちょきんする mean?

Show answer

"Save the money as though you'd taken the trip" — the deliberate version of 〜たつもり: acting as if something had happened.

8. Something is wrong here: くつもりがあります。

Show answer

くつもりです — Japanese treats つもり as what you are, not what you have. The がある shape survives only in the negative: くつもりはありません.

9. How do you state your manager's intention safely?

Show answer

くつもりのようです, or くとおっしゃっていました — hedge, or report their words. Asserting a superior's intentions as fact is a claim about the inside of their head.

10. What is ころすつもりはなかった doing grammatically?

Show answer

Denying intent, not the act — it says the killing happened without the intention. Four words separating intent from accident, which is why the line appears where it does.

FAQ

Is つもり polite? It is neutral — くつもりです is perfectly polite. What can be impolite is the content: つもりはありません is firm enough to land as a refusal, so choose it deliberately.

What is the casual form? つもりだ, or just つもり with rising intonation as a question: くつもり? ("are you planning to go?"). Extremely common among friends.

Can つもり follow an adjective or a noun? Yes, in the 〜たつもり sense: わかいつもりだ ("he thinks he's young"), 専門家せんもんかのつもりだ ("he thinks he's an expert"). Both are quietly cutting, and both are describing someone's self-image rather than a plan.

What is the difference between つもり and はず? つもり is your intention; はず is your expectation about how things are. るつもりです means "I intend to come." るはずです means "he should be coming" — a prediction based on what you know, not a plan.

Is 予定よてい always about a date? Usually, and that is the best way to remember it. If you can write it in a calendar, 予定よてい. If it lives only in your head, つもり. If you thought of it thirty seconds ago, 〜(よ)うとおもいます.

Why does 〜たつもり mean the opposite? Because つもり is about what is in your mind rather than what is in the world. Put it on a future action and your mind is running ahead of reality — that is a plan. Put it on a past action and your mind is behind reality — that is a mistake.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

つもり	つもり — intention
予定	よてい — plan, schedule
来年	らいねん — next year
帰る	かえる — to go home
明日	あした — tomorrow
思う	おもう — to think
会議	かいぎ — meeting
留学	りゅうがく — studying abroad
部長	ぶちょう — department manager
分かる	わかる — to understand
書く	かく — to write
若い	わかい — young
旅行	りょこう — travel
貯金	ちょきん — savings
謝る	あやまる — to apologise
殺す	ころす — to kill
専門家	せんもんか — expert
はず	はず — expectation, "should be"
早く	はやく — early, quickly

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. かったつもり is the phrase I reach for most in lessons — not as a criticism, but because naming that state out loud is usually what makes someone go back and actually check.

Book a trial lesson · $13

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

Want to try this in a real conversation?

30-minute trial lesson, $13. Times shown in your own timezone.

Book a trial lesson · $13