LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

Transitive and intransitive verbs: ひらける vs ひらく, and why Japanese prefers the second

Japanese splits into pairs what English does with one verb. ひらける is "to open something" and ひらく is "for something to open" — and the choice is not stylistic. One takes を and names a person; the other takes が and does not. Japanese reaches for the second far more often than English does.

There are around three hundred of these pairs, and no rule predicts them perfectly. But there are strong patterns, and there is one insight that makes the whole category make sense: Japanese would often rather say that something happened than say who did it.

The basics

The two kinds

他動詞たどうし (transitive) — someone does it to something. Takes を. 自動詞じどうし (intransitive) — it happens. Takes が.

わたしがドアをひらけました。 — I opened the door. (を — I did it) ドアがひらきました。 — The door opened. (が — it happened)

Both sentences are natural Japanese. English has to work harder to get the second one — "the door opened" sounds slightly odd unless something dramatic is going on — whereas in Japanese it is the more ordinary sentence of the two.

The pairs you will meet first

Transitive (を) Intransitive (が) Meaning
ひらける ひら open
める まる close
はじめる はじまる begin
つける つく turn on
える turn off, disappear
れる put in / go in
take out / go out
める まる stop
とす ちる drop / fall
める まる decide / be decided
える わる change
なお なお fix / be fixed
れる break
つける つかる find / be found

電気でんきをつけてください。 — Please turn on the light. (transitive) 電気でんきがつきました。 — The light came on. (intransitive)

The endings that hint at which is which

No rule covers every pair, but three patterns cover most of them.

Pattern Usually Example
ends in -す transitive す, す, とす, なお
ends in -aru intransitive まる, はじまる, まる, わる
ends in -eru paired with -aru transitive める, はじめる, める, える

So if you meet a new verb ending in す, bet transitive. If it ends in ある-shaped -aru, bet intransitive. You will be right most of the time, and wrong often enough that you should still learn them in pairs.

Beyond the basics

Japanese prefers the intransitive

This is the cultural half, and it is why the category matters beyond a conjugation table.

さられました。 — The plate broke. (the normal thing to say) さらりました。 — I broke the plate. (an admission)

Both are correct. The first is what you say when a plate breaks. The second specifically puts you in it, and it is closer to a confession than a description. Where English says "I broke your glass," Japanese will often say グラスがれちゃって… — "the glass broke, and…" — and everyone understands what happened without anyone naming a culprit.

This is not evasiveness so much as a different default. Japanese describes situations; English assigns agents. Once you notice it, a lot of sentences that seemed oddly passive start making sense.

〜ている and 〜てある split along the same line

The two forms that describe states pick different halves of the pair.

ドアがひらいている。 — The door is open. (intransitive + ている — just describing it) ドアがひらけてある。 — The door has been opened. (transitive + てある — someone did it deliberately)

〜てある always uses the transitive verb and implies intention and preparation. 〜ている with the intransitive just reports the state. This is the same split covered in 〜ている, and the verb pairs are what make it possible.

まどまっています。 — The window is closed. まどめてあります。 — The window has been closed (by someone, on purpose).

Watch what happens to the particle

The particle flips with the verb, and it is the fastest way to check yourself.

✗ ドアをひらきました。 。○ ドアがひらきました。 — The door opened. ○ ドアをひらけました。 — I opened the door.

を with an intransitive verb is the classic error. If the verb is the "it happens" one, the thing takes が, and there is no を in the sentence at all. This is the same が territory as ある and いる.

There is one genuine exception worth knowing: verbs of motion take を for the path travelled — 公園こうえんあるく ("walk through the park"), はしわたる ("cross the bridge"). That を is not an object; it marks a route.

How does it sound in anime?

The intransitive forms carry a lot of dramatic narration, precisely because they describe events with no visible agent:

ドアがひらいた。 — The door opened. えた。 — The fire went out. なにかがわった。 — Something changed.

Each of those would need an agent in English, or a passive. Japanese just lets the event be an event. It is one of the reasons Japanese narration can feel atmospheric in a way that is genuinely hard to translate — nothing is being done to anything; things are simply happening.

Common mistakes

  • ドアをひらきました. Intransitive verbs take が, not を. ひらく is "it opens."
  • 電気でんきをつく. つく is intransitive. To turn a light on, つける: 電気でんきをつける.
  • Learning them one at a time. Always learn the pair. Half a pair is worse than useless, because it feels like you know the verb.
  • Assuming the transitive version is the normal one. In Japanese the intransitive is often the default, especially for accidents and for anything you would rather not confess to.
  • Using 〜てある with the intransitive. ひらいてある is not a thing; it is either ひらいている or ひらけてある.
  • Reading を with あるく or わたる as an object. That を marks a path, not a thing being acted on.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: one door, two ways of describing what happened to it.

1. Say "I opened the door."

Show answer

ドアをひらけましたひらける is transitive, so the door takes を and you are the one doing it.

2. Say "the door opened."

Show answer

ドアがひらきましたひらく is intransitive, so the door takes が and nobody is named. This is the pair to question 1: same event, and Japanese usually prefers this one.

3. Something is wrong here: ドアをひらきました。

Show answer

ドアがひらきました or ドアをひらけました — を with an intransitive verb is the classic error. Pick the verb, and the particle follows.

4. Say "please turn on the light."

Show answer

電気でんきをつけてください — つける is the transitive one. つく is "it comes on": 電気でんきがつきました.

5. A new verb ends in す. Transitive or intransitive?

Show answer

Probably transitiveす, す, とす, なおす. Verbs in -aru (まる, はじまる, まる) are usually intransitive. Not a perfect rule, but a good bet.

6. You broke a plate. What would a Japanese speaker normally say?

Show answer

さられました — the intransitive. おさらりました is correct but specifically puts you in it, closer to a confession than a description.

7. What is the difference between ドアがひらいている and ドアがひらけてある?

Show answer

Whether someone did it on purposeひらいている (intransitive + ている) just reports the door is open. ひらけてある (transitive + てある) says someone opened it and left it that way deliberately.

8. Something is wrong here: ドアがひらいてあります。

Show answer

ひらいています or ひらけてあります — 〜てある always takes the transitive verb. 〜ている takes the intransitive.

9. Why does 公園こうえんあるく have を with an intransitive verb?

Show answer

That を marks a path, not an object — verbs of motion use it for the route travelled: はしわたる, みちはしる. It is a different を entirely.

10. Why does Japanese narration feel so agentless?

Show answer

The intransitive is often the defaultえた, なにかがわった. Japanese describes situations; English assigns agents. The verb pairs are what make that possible.

FAQ

How many pairs do I need to learn? The fourteen in the table above cover most daily situations. Beyond that, learn each new pair when you meet it — and always both halves at once, because half a pair will let you build a sentence that is confidently wrong.

Is there a real rule, or just patterns? Just patterns, unfortunately. The pairs come from Old Japanese morphology that has been worn down over centuries, so the endings rhyme without being predictable. Native speakers learn them as vocabulary too.

Why does English not have this? It does, in a few places — "raise" and "rise," "lay" and "lie," "fell" and "fall." Speakers famously mix those up, which is a fair preview of how this feels. Japanese simply has three hundred of them and keeps them straight.

Does the passive relate to this? It overlaps. Where English uses a passive to avoid naming an agent, Japanese often reaches for an intransitive verb instead: ドアがひらいた rather than "the door was opened." The passive exists too, and it carries a different feel — often one of being affected.

Which one goes with 自分じぶんで? The transitive: 自分じぶんでドアをひらけました ("I opened the door myself"). 自分じぶんで means you personally did it, so it needs the verb that names a doer.

What about つける and つかる? A useful pair precisely because English collapses them: つけました is "I found it," つかりました is "it was found" or "it turned up." When a lost item surfaces, Japanese uses the second — the item did the surfacing.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

開ける	あける — to open (something)
開く	あく — to open (by itself)
閉める	しめる — to close (something)
閉まる	しまる — to close (by itself)
始める	はじめる — to begin (something)
始まる	はじまる — to begin (by itself)
消す	けす — to turn off, to erase
消える	きえる — to go out, to disappear
入れる	いれる — to put in
入る	はいる — to go in
出す	だす — to take out
出る	でる — to go out
止める	とめる — to stop (something)
止まる	とまる — to stop (by itself)
落とす	おとす — to drop
落ちる	おちる — to fall
割る	わる — to break (something)
割れる	われる — to break (by itself)
見つける	みつける — to find
見つかる	みつかる — to be found
他動詞	たどうし — transitive verb
自動詞	じどうし — intransitive verb
電気	でんき — light, electricity
皿	さら — plate
渡る	わたる — to cross

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. This is the category where learners suddenly sound native or suddenly do not — because saying おさらりました when everyone else would say れました is grammatically perfect and socially louder than you meant.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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