LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

〜し: the "and" that means "and there''s more where that came from

〜し lists reasons and quietly signals that the list is not complete. That implication is the whole point: から gives *the* reason, し gives *a* reason and leaves the rest unsaid. It is why つかれたし、かえろう sounds relaxed where つかれたから、かえろう sounds like a justification.

Learners tend to meet this as "the way to list two adjectives" and then never use it, because から already works. The thing から cannot do is imply there is more.

The basics

How to build it

Attach し to the plain form. Nothing changes shape.

Type Plain With し
Verb やすみせだ /
い-adjective やす やす
な-adjective 便利べんり 便利べんり
Noun 学生がくせい 学生がくせい

Note that な-adjectives and nouns keep their だ — 便利べんりだし, 学生がくせいだし. This is the opposite of ので and んです, which turn だ into な, so it is worth noting the difference explicitly.

このみせやすいし、おいしいし、ちかいです。 — This place is cheap, tasty, and close. 日曜日にちようびだし、どこかこうか。 — It's Sunday, so shall we go somewhere?

Polite form works too: やすいですし、おいしいですし. Slightly heavier, and normal in careful speech.

One し is enough

Textbooks show two or three in a row, which makes it look like a listing device. In real conversation, a single し is far more common — and the single し is where the implication lives.

つかれたし、かえろう。 — I'm tired, so let's go home. (…and other reasons, but that's the main one) 明日あしたはやいし、そろそろ… — I've got an early start tomorrow, so… あめだし、やめておこう。 — It's raining, so let's skip it.

That last one is a complete, natural sentence. One reason, し, and a conclusion. The し tells the listener you are not building a case — you are mentioning something, and there are probably other things you are not bothering to mention.

し vs から: what changes

Form What it says
〜から This is the reason.
〜ので This is the situation. (softer, more neutral)
〜し This is a reason, among others.

つかれたから、かえります。 — I'm going home because I'm tired. (stating a cause) つかれたし、かえります。 — I'm tired, so I'll head home. (one of my reasons)

から points at a cause and stands behind it. し gestures at a reason and lets it be partial. In a refusal especially, し is gentler, because it does not commit you to the claim that this was decisive — which is the same softening instinct behind ので versus から.

Beyond the basics

It lists good things and bad things equally

し is neutral about what it is stacking, which makes it the natural form for both praise and complaint.

しずかだし、えきちかいし、いい部屋へやですね。 — It's quiet, the station's close — it's a nice place. たかいし、とおいし、サービスもわるい。 — It's expensive, it's far, and the service is bad.

What it will not do is mix directions. A list of positives followed by a negative needs けど or が: やすいし、おいしいけど、とおい ("it's cheap and tasty, but far"). Putting a negative into the middle of a し-chain reads as a mistake, because し implies everything in the list is pointing the same way.

The conclusion can be left off entirely

Because し already implies "and therefore," you can stop after it.

もうおそいし… — It's late, so… (and I'm leaving) きんもないし。 — And I've got no money. (so, no)

This is the same trailing-off that makes 〜から… and ちょっと… into complete refusals. The listener supplies the conclusion, and nobody has to say the awkward part out loud. It is one of the most useful shapes in spoken Japanese and one of the hardest for learners to allow themselves to use.

も often shows up with it

When you are stacking reasons, も ("also") frequently appears inside the し clauses, reinforcing the "and more" feeling.

時間じかんもないし、おきんもないし。 — I've got no time, no money… あめってるし、やめよう。 — It's raining too, let's not.

時間じかんもない (rather than 時間じかんがない) already says "that's another thing missing." Paired with し, the sentence is doing a lot of implying with very few words.

Listing with 〜たり compared

し and 〜たり〜たり both list, and they list different things.

Form Lists Example
〜し Reasons and qualities やすいし、ちかいし
〜たり〜たり Example actions べたりんだりした

〜たり gives a sample of what you did — "we ate, drank, that sort of thing" — and implies other activities as well. So both forms share the "and more" feeling; they just apply it to different material. If you are describing a day, you want たり. If you are explaining why, you want し.

週末しゅうまつほんんだり、映画えいがたりしました。 — At the weekend I read, watched a film, that kind of thing. 週末しゅうまつひまだし、天気てんきもいいし。 — The weekend's free, the weather's good…

As a casual sentence ender

In casual speech し can simply end a sentence, adding a mild "anyway" or "besides."

まあ、いいし。 — Eh, it's fine anyway. べつにいいし。 — I don't care, whatever.

This use is casual and slightly offhand — it can read as sulky depending on tone, so it is worth recognising more than producing. べつにいいし in particular is a very specific register: young, casual, and mildly defensive.

How does it sound in anime?

The single-し reason and the trailing version both appear constantly:

あぶないし、やめとけ。 — It's dangerous, just drop it. 今日きょうつかれたし。 — I'm tired today, so… (trailing) まえがいるし、大丈夫だいじょうぶだ。 — You're here, so it's fine.

That last one is worth noticing: the し makes it warmer than から would. おまえがいるから大丈夫だいじょうぶだ states a cause; おまえがいるし、大丈夫だいじょうぶだ mentions a reason among others, which somehow lands as more casual and more sincere at once.

Common mistakes

  • 便利べんりなし / 学生がくせいなし. な-adjectives and nouns keep だ before し: 便利べんりだし, 学生がくせいだし. This is the opposite of ので.
  • Thinking you need two. One し is the more common and more natural shape.
  • Mixing positives and negatives in one chain. やすいし、とおい reads as broken. Use けど to turn the direction.
  • Using it where から is meant. If you are giving the reason — an explanation someone has asked for — から or ので is right. し is for mentioning.
  • Over-using the sentence-ending し. べつにいいし is a specific casual register, and it can sound sulky.
  • Refusing to trail off. もうおそいし… is a complete, polite refusal. Finishing the sentence makes it heavier, not clearer.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair: the same reason, and the connector decides whether you are justifying yourself.

1. Join やすい and おいしい with し.

Show answer

やすいし、おいしい — い-adjectives attach directly to the plain form. Nothing changes shape.

2. Something is wrong here: 便利べんりなし、えきちかい。

Show answer

便利べんりだし — な-adjectives and nouns keep だ before し. This is the opposite of ので, where だ becomes な.

3. Say "I'm tired, so let's go home," casually.

Show answer

つかれたし、かえろう — one し is enough, and it is the more natural shape. The し implies other reasons you are not listing.

4. What does つかれたから、かえります say?

Show answer

"I'm going home because I'm tired" — から points at a cause and stands behind it. It states the reason.

5. What does つかれたし、かえります add?

Show answer

That tiredness is only one of your reasons — し gestures at a reason and leaves the rest unsaid. This is the pair to question 4: softer, less committed, better in a refusal.

6. Something is wrong here: やすいし、おいしいし、とおい。

Show answer

やすいし、おいしいけど、とお — し implies everything in the list points the same way. To turn the direction you need けど or が.

7. Refuse an invitation without finishing the sentence.

Show answer

もうおそいし… — し already implies "and therefore," so you can stop. The listener supplies the rest, and nobody says the awkward part out loud.

8. Why does 時間じかんもないし、おきんもないし imply more than it says?

Show answer

も and し are both doing it — も says "that's another thing missing," and し says "and there are more reasons." Two words, a lot of implication.

9. What register is べつにいいし?

Show answer

Young, casual, mildly defensive — the sentence-ending し adds an offhand "anyway." Worth recognising more than producing.

10. Why does おまえがいるし、大丈夫だいじょうぶだ sound warmer than おまえがいるから大丈夫だいじょうぶだ?

Show answer

し mentions rather than argues — から states a cause, which is a claim. し offers one reason among others, which lands as more casual and more sincere at the same time.

FAQ

Is し formal or casual? Neutral, and it works in both. やすいですし、おいしいですし is perfectly polite; the sentence-ending し is the only casual-specific use.

Can I use it with just one clause and no conclusion? Yes, and it is extremely common: もうおそいし… That trailing shape is a complete utterance, and treating it as unfinished is a beginner's misreading.

What is the difference from 〜たり〜たり? 〜たり lists example actions ("doing things like eating and reading"). し lists reasons or qualities. They do not overlap much: べたりんだりする vs やすいしおいしい.

Does し ever mean plain "and"? It always carries the "among other things" flavour, so it is never a neutral "and." For simply joining two adjectives with no implication, use the te-form: やすくておいしい.

Why do な-adjectives keep だ here? Because し attaches to a complete plain-form sentence, and 便利べんりだ is that complete sentence. ので and んです attach to the noun-modifying form instead, which is why they take な. Knowing which shape a connector wants explains most of these differences at once.

Is it rude to trail off? The opposite — finishing the sentence is what can be blunt. もうおそいし、かえります is fine, but in a refusal the unfinished version does the same work more gently, and everyone understands it.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

安い	やすい — cheap
近い	ちかい — close, near
遠い	とおい — far
便利	べんり — convenient
静か	しずか — quiet
疲れる	つかれる — to get tired
帰る	かえる — to go home
日曜日	にちようび — Sunday
明日	あした — tomorrow
早い	はやい — early
雨	あめ — rain
遅い	おそい — late
時間	じかん — time
お金	おかね — money
部屋	へや — room
駅	えき — station
危ない	あぶない — dangerous
大丈夫	だいじょうぶ — fine, all right
学生	がくせい — student
別に	べつに — not particularly

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners produce から correctly for years and never reach for し, which quietly makes every explanation sound like a defence — and the fix is one syllable.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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