LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N3Lesson notes · Sep 27, 2026

Ruined in Japanese: 台無だいなし, だめになる and 水の泡みずのあわ

"Ruined" in Japanese is usually 台無だいなし (だいなし, dainashi). Something that gets ruined is 台無だいなしになる, and someone who ruins it 台無だいなしにする: 雨あめで旅行りょこうが台無だいなしになった, "the rain ruined our trip." For physical things that break, use 壊こわれる; for food that goes bad, だめになる.

The trap for English speakers is that "ruin" covers everything from a broken phone to a spoiled mood. Japanese splits those up, and the verb you pick tells the listener what kind of ruin it was.

The basics

What does 台無だいなし mean?

台無だいなし means something good has been spoiled so badly that the good part is gone. It is used for plans, events, moods, efforts, and appearances — things that were going well until something happened.

The usual explanation of the word is a Buddhist statue that has lost its pedestal (台だい). Without the pedestal, the statue loses its dignity. You don't need that history to use the word, but it explains the feeling: the thing is still there, it just lost what made it good.

雨あめで旅行りょこうが台無だいなしになった。 — The rain ruined our trip. (casual, talking about the weekend) せっかくの料理りょうりが台無だいなしだ。 — All that cooking is ruined. (casual, after dropping the plate)

How do you use 台無だいなしになる and 台無だいなしにする?

This is the same split as every transitive and intransitive pair:

  • 台無だいなしになる — it got ruined. The focus is on the result. Nobody has to be blamed.
  • 台無だいなしにする — someone ruined it. The focus is on who did it.

一言ひとことで雰囲気ふんいきが台無だいなしになった。 — One comment ruined the mood. (casual, the mood got ruined) 君きみが一言ひとことで雰囲気ふんいきを台無だいなしにした。 — You ruined the mood with one comment. (casual, blaming someone)

Notice the particle change: が with なる, を with する. That is the part learners get wrong most often.

Can 台無だいなし stand alone?

Yes. It is a noun, so 台無だいなしだ and 台無だいなしです work as the whole sentence.

靴くつが泥どろで台無だいなしです。 — My shoes are ruined with mud. (polite, showing someone the damage)

Beyond the basics

When is だめになる better?

だめになる is the everyday word for things that stop being usable: food that goes bad, a phone that died in the rain, a plan that fell through. It is less dramatic than 台無だいなし.

牛乳ぎゅうにゅうがだめになってた。 — The milk had gone bad. (casual, opening the fridge) スマホが雨あめでだめになった。 — My phone got ruined in the rain. (casual, it stopped working)

The difference: 台無だいなし is about losing something good you were looking forward to. だめ is about something no longer working. A spoiled carton of milk is だめ; a spoiled birthday dinner is 台無だいなし.

What about 壊こわす and 壊こわれる?

These are for physical breaking. A phone, a chair, a toy. You can't 壊こわす a plan in natural Japanese; that would be 台無だいなしにする or だめにする.

弟おとうとがゲーム機きを壊こわした。 — My little brother broke the game console. (casual, physical damage)

壊こわす also works for some abstract things: お腹おなかを壊こわす (upset your stomach), 関係かんけいを壊こわす (damage a relationship), 雰囲気ふんいきを壊こわす (spoil the mood), 夢ゆめを壊こわす (shatter a dream). Plans are the exception: 計画けいかくを壊こわす sounds odd; use 台無だいなしにする or だめにする.

What does 水の泡みずのあわ mean?

水の泡みずのあわ (みずのあわ) is "bubbles on water" — effort that disappeared for nothing. It is the phrase you use when weeks of work go to waste.

三さんか月げつの努力どりょくが水の泡みずのあわになった。 — Three months of effort went down the drain. (casual, after a cancelled project)

It is only about effort or time, never about objects. Your shoes can't be 水の泡みずのあわ. Time still being wasted, rather than already gone, is a different complaint, 時間じかんがもったいない, and もったいない separates it from 残念ざんねん: a cancelled trip is 残念ざんねん, but the non-refundable ticket is もったいない.

How does anime say "you ruined it"?

In anime you will hear the rougher versions: ぶち壊こわし, "totally wrecked," and ぶち壊こわす, "to smash to pieces."

お前まえのせいで全部ぜんぶぶち壊こわしだ! — You wrecked everything! (rough, an angry character)

You will also hear めちゃくちゃ, which means "a total mess": 部屋へやがめちゃくちゃ, "the room is a disaster." It is casual and very common.

How do you say "I ruined it" about your own mistake?

When you are the one who ruined something, Japanese usually adds てしまう (or the casual ちゃう). It carries the feeling of "I didn't mean to, and I regret it."

ごめん、サプライズを台無だいなしにしちゃった。 — Sorry, I ruined the surprise. (casual, apologizing to a friend) 最後さいごのミスで、全部ぜんぶ台無だいなしにしてしまいました。 — I ruined everything with that last mistake. (polite, apologizing at work)

Without てしまう, 台無だいなしにした can sound almost deliberate, as if you set out to ruin it. When you are apologizing, the regret in ちゃった matters.

Is there a more formal word?

In news and formal writing you will see 損そこなう (そこなう), "to damage" or "to spoil." It is used with abstract things: 景観けいかんを損そこなう (spoil the scenery), 信頼しんらいを損そこなう (damage trust), 健康けんこうを損そこなう (harm your health).

新あたらしいビルが町まちの景観けいかんを損そこなっている。 — The new building is spoiling the look of the town. (formal, a news or opinion piece)

You don't need 損そこなう in conversation. 台無だいなし covers the same ground in everyday speech, and 損そこなう in a chat with friends would sound like you were reading a newspaper aloud.

Common mistakes

  • Dropping the に. 台無だいなしする is wrong. It is always 台無だいなしにする or 台無だいなしになる.
  • Mixing up the particles. 雰囲気ふんいきを台無だいなしになった is wrong. なる takes が: 雰囲気ふんいきが台無だいなしになった.
  • Using 壊こわす for plans. 計画けいかくを壊こわした sounds like you smashed a physical plan. Say 計画けいかくを台無だいなしにした or 計画けいかくがだめになった.
  • Using 台無だいなし for small practical problems. A dead phone battery is not 台無だいなし unless it ruined something bigger, like the photos from a trip.
  • Using 水の泡みずのあわ for objects. 水の泡みずのあわ is for wasted effort only.

Which word should you use?

Word Reading What got ruined Example
台無だいなしになる / にする だいなし Something good: a trip, a mood, a meal 旅行りょこうが台無だいなしになった
だめになる だめになる Something that stopped working or went bad 牛乳ぎゅうにゅうがだめになった
壊こわれる / 壊こわす こわれる / こわす A physical object ゲーム機きを壊こわした
水の泡みずのあわ みずのあわ Effort or time wasted 努力どりょくが水の泡みずのあわになった
ぶち壊こわし ぶちこわし Everything, rough and angry 全部ぜんぶぶち壊こわしだ
めちゃくちゃ めちゃくちゃ A total mess 部屋へやがめちゃくちゃ

Practice

Answers are hidden — try your own sentence first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: the same ruined party, with and without someone to blame.

1. "The party got ruined because of the rain." (casual)

Show answer

雨あめでパーティーが台無だいなしになった。 — nobody did it on purpose, so なる, and パーティー takes が.

2. "He ruined the party." (casual)

Show answer

彼かれがパーティーを台無だいなしにした。 — now there is someone to blame, so する, and パーティー takes を.

3. "The milk has gone bad." (casual)

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牛乳ぎゅうにゅうがだめになった。 — food that can't be used is だめ, not 台無だいなし.

4. "My little brother broke my phone." (casual)

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弟おとうとがスマホを壊こわした。 — physical breaking is 壊こわす.

5. "A year of effort went down the drain." (casual)

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一年いちねんの努力どりょくが水の泡みずのあわになった。 — wasted effort is 水の泡みずのあわ.

6. Fix this: 雰囲気ふんいきを台無だいなしになった。

Show answer

雰囲気ふんいきが台無だいなしになった。 — なる describes what happened to the mood, so the mood takes が.

7. Fix this: 計画けいかくを壊こわした。 (you mean "I ruined the plan")

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計画けいかくを台無だいなしにした。 — a plan isn't a physical object, so 壊こわす sounds odd. だめにした also works.

8. "My shoes are ruined with mud." (polite)

Show answer

靴くつが泥どろで台無だいなしです。 — 台無だいなし works as a noun with です. で marks the cause.

9. An angry anime character shouts "You wrecked everything!" Which word fits?

Show answer

お前まえのせいで全部ぜんぶぶち壊こわしだ! — ぶち壊こわし is the rough, angry version of 台無だいなし.

In a 30-minute trial lesson, tell the story of a ruined trip with 台無だいなしになった, and of a plan that fell through with 水の泡みずのあわ.

FAQ

Is 台無だいなし formal or casual? Neutral. It works in both casual talk and polite speech, and you will see it in news headlines too.

Can 台無だいなし describe a person? Not directly. You don't say 彼かれは台無だいなしだ. But you can ruin someone's reputation: 評判ひょうばんが台無だいなしになった.

What is the difference between 台無だいなし and 残念ざんねん? 残念ざんねん means "too bad" or "disappointing." It is the feeling. 台無だいなし is the damage itself. You can say both: 旅行りょこうが台無だいなしになって残念ざんねんだった.

How do you say "you ruined my day"? The natural phrase is せっかくの一日いちにちが台無だいなしだよ, "my whole day is ruined." It sounds less aggressive than blaming the person directly.

Is ruin the same as "spoil" a movie? No. Spoiling the plot is ネタバレ (netabare). ネタバレしないで! = "no spoilers!"

How do you say something ruined your appetite? 食欲しょくよくがなくなった, "I lost my appetite." 台無だいなし isn't used for appetite.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

台無し	だいなし — ruined, spoiled
台無しになる	だいなしになる — to get ruined
台無しにする	だいなしにする — to ruin
だめになる	だめになる — to go bad, to stop working
壊す	こわす — to break (something)
壊れる	こわれる — to break, to be broken
水の泡	みずのあわ — effort wasted, down the drain
ぶち壊し	ぶちこわし — totally wrecked
めちゃくちゃ	めちゃくちゃ — a total mess
雰囲気	ふんいき — mood, atmosphere
努力	どりょく — effort
泥	どろ — mud
牛乳	ぎゅうにゅう — milk
評判	ひょうばん — reputation
ネタバレ	ネタバレ — spoiler (plot)
残念	ざんねん — too bad, disappointing
損なう	そこなう — to damage, to spoil (formal)
景観	けいかん — scenery, the look of a place

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. 台無だいなし tends to come up when someone is describing a bad weekend and reaches for "ruin" — it is one of those words that makes a story sound instantly more natural. For more on how the same event can be told with or without blame, see 〜てしまう.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N3 · Read something at this level: JLPT N3 stories with audio

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