LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Lesson notes · Sep 30, 2026

Probably in Japanese: たぶん, でしょう, おそらく — and where きっと sits

"Probably" in Japanese is usually たぶん (多分たぶん) at the front of the sentence, often paired with でしょう or と思おもう at the end — and the word you pick tells the listener how sure you are.

English gets by with one word. Japanese has a small family, and learners tend to grab the first one they meet and use it everywhere. The fix is not memorizing five translations. It is knowing where each word sits on a scale from "I'd bet on it" to "could be, who knows."

The basics

What is the everyday word for "probably"?

たぶん. It is the default in conversation, and it normally goes right at the start of the sentence.

たぶん、明日あしたは雨あめです。 — It'll probably rain tomorrow. (polite, plain statement) たぶん、もう帰かえったと思おもう。 — He's probably already gone home. (casual, たぶん at the front and と思おもう at the back)

You will often see it written 多分たぶん, but in everyday writing and subtitles it shows up in hiragana just as often. Say it with a tiny pause after it, as if you are clearing your throat before the guess. That pause is a good sign you have the rhythm right.

What is でしょう doing at the end of the sentence?

でしょう (plain style: だろう) is the sentence-final "probably." It attaches to the plain form of a verb or adjective, and to nouns and na-adjectives without だ.

明日あしたは晴はれるでしょう。 — It will probably be sunny tomorrow. (polite, weather-forecast style) 彼かれは来こないだろう。 — He probably won't come. (plain, a bit blunt or written-sounding)

If you have ever heard a weather forecaster, you already know the pattern: 晴はれるでしょう, 雨あめが降ふるでしょう. That is where most learners first meet it. The noun rule trips people up, so keep it in mind: 雨あめでしょう, not 雨あめだでしょう.

Do you need たぶん and でしょう together?

No, but they love each other. たぶん at the front plus でしょう at the back is the most natural pairing, and it sounds like two little hedges that agree. Either one alone is also fine.

たぶん大丈夫だいじょうぶでしょう。 — It'll probably be fine. (polite, both hedges) たぶん大丈夫だいじょうぶ。 — Probably fine. (casual, たぶん alone is enough)

Can you use と思おもう for "probably" too?

Yes. Adding 〜と思おもう to a plain-form sentence makes it a softened opinion, so たぶん〜と思おもう is the friendliest way to say "I probably..." about yourself. For the grammar behind it, including why です never goes in front of と, see our 〜と思おもいます article.

たぶん行いけると思おもいます。 — I think I can probably make it. (polite, soft and modest)

Beyond the basics

What does おそらく (恐おそらく) add?

おそらく is the stiffer sibling. Same job as たぶん, but it belongs to news reports, formal writing, and careful speech. It also pairs with でしょう and だろう far more than with casual endings.

おそらく、会議かいぎは来週らいしゅうになるでしょう。 — The meeting will probably be next week. (formal, news or business register)

Use it and you sound like you are reading a statement. In a chat with a friend it can sound oddly official, which is sometimes exactly the joke.

Where does きっと sit?

きっと is stronger than たぶん. It carries the speaker's conviction — and often their hope. Where たぶん says "my best estimate," きっと says "I feel sure, and I'm putting my weight behind it."

きっと合格ごうかくできるよ。 — I'm sure you'll pass. (casual, encouraging) きっとまた会あえるでしょう。 — We'll surely meet again. (polite, warm, a wish as much as a prediction)

This is why きっと fits in encouragement and promises, and feels odd for cold facts. Nobody says きっと to describe a train timetable. If you want a closer look at how the きっと-type guess compares with how things seem, our どうやら article covers that neighbor.

And かもしれない?

かもしれない is weaker than probably. It only says "it's possible." Think "maybe," not "probably." If you say 雨あめかもしれない you have admitted that it might well stay dry.

雨あめかもしれない。 — It might rain. (casual, possible but not expected) たぶん雨あめだと思おもう。 — It'll probably rain. (casual, you expect rain)

The two look close on a phrasebook page and are quite far apart in practice. We break the かもしれない grammar (and the だ you have to delete) in the かもしれない article.

What about 〜はず?

Also a nearby word, but different in kind. はず says "it should be that way, based on reasons I can point to" — a schedule, a rule, something you were told. たぶん is a gut guess; はず is a guess with paperwork. The はず article explains that distinction.

Does でしょう ever mean something else?

Yes, and this catches people. With rising intonation, でしょう becomes a request for agreement — "right?" or "you know, don't you?"

明日あしたは休やすみでしょう? — Tomorrow's a day off, right? (polite-casual, rising, seeking confirmation)

Same letters, different job. On paper you cannot tell them apart; in speech the pitch does it. In anime you hear this a lot: a character says でしょ? (the short form) with a lifted ending, and it is nudging the listener to agree, not making a forecast.

How does it sound in casual speech?

Real conversation shortens everything. You will hear:

たぶんね。 — Probably. (casual, a very short answer) たぶん無理むり。 — Probably not possible. (casual, blunt, no でしょう) たぶん、だけど。 — Probably, but I'm not sure. (casual, たぶん as a hedge on its own)

Notice that in casual Japanese, たぶん alone often does the whole hedging job. The でしょう at the end is more for polite or written contexts.

Common mistakes

  • Using でしょう for your own plans. 私わたしは行いくでしょう sounds oddly detached, as if you were forecasting your own weekend. Use たぶん行いくと思おもう or たぶん行いきます instead.
  • Putting だ before でしょう. 雨あめだでしょう is wrong. It is 雨あめでしょう (noun) and 静しずかでしょう (na-adjective).
  • Using きっと for cold facts. きっと carries feeling. For a plain estimate, stay with たぶん.
  • Stacking きっと with かもしれない. きっとかもしれない sends two opposite signals — "I'm sure" and "it's just possible" — so pick one.
  • Confusing でしょう with the tag-question でしょう? Check the ending: falling means "probably," rising means "right?"

The confidence ladder

Word Confidence Register Typical partner
絶対ぜったい Certain (no doubt) Casual and formal 絶対ぜったい〜だ / 絶対ぜったいに〜
きっと Strong, hopeful Warm, spoken 〜でしょう / 〜よ
たぶん Best guess Everyday, spoken 〜でしょう / 〜と思おもう
おそらく Best guess Formal, news 〜でしょう / 〜だろう
かもしれない Merely possible Casual to polite 〜かもしれません

Read it top to bottom as a scale of how much weight you put behind the claim. たぶん and おそらく share a rung; the difference between them is the room you are in, not the confidence.

FAQ

Is たぶん the same as maybe? Not quite. たぶん leans toward "yes, I expect this." The English word "maybe" is closer to かもしれない, which only says "possible."

Is おそらく more certain than たぶん? It sounds more careful, but it is not stronger. The difference is style, not certainty. おそらく belongs to news and formal talk; たぶん belongs to conversation.

Can I use たぶん alone, with no でしょう? Yes, especially in casual speech. たぶん大丈夫だいじょうぶ is a complete sentence.

Is でしょう polite? The polite form of だろう, yes. でしょう is fine with a teacher or a stranger. To a close friend, you'll often shorten it to でしょ or just drop it.

How do I say "probably not"? Use the negative in the sentence: たぶん来こない, 来こないでしょう, or たぶん来こないと思おもう. Don't add anything special to たぶん itself.

Practice

Build each answer before opening it. Questions 5 and 6 are a pair — same letters, opposite jobs.

1. Say "It will probably be sunny tomorrow" in the style of a weather forecast.

Show answer

明日あしたは晴はれるでしょう — plain-form verb plus でしょう. This is the forecast style, and たぶん is optional.

2. Fix this: 雨あめだでしょう.

Show answer

雨あめでしょう — nouns and na-adjectives drop だ before でしょう.

3. Which word goes in a news report: たぶん or おそらく?

Show answer

おそらく — it is the formal register. たぶん is the everyday word for conversation.

4. You want to encourage a friend: "I'm sure you'll pass!" Which of たぶん, きっと, かもしれない fits best?

Show answer

きっと — it carries conviction and hope, so it suits encouragement. たぶん is a cooler guess, and かもしれない is only "possible."

5. Read 明日あしたは休やすみでしょう。 with a falling ending. What does it mean?

Show answer

"Tomorrow will probably be a day off." — a falling ending makes it a prediction. Compare the next question.

6. Read 明日あしたは休やすみでしょう? with a rising ending. What does it mean now?

Show answer

"Tomorrow's a day off, right?" — a rising ending turns でしょう into a request for agreement.

7. Rank きっと, かもしれない, たぶん from strongest to weakest.

Show answer

きっと → たぶん → かもしれない — conviction first, then best guess, then bare possibility.

8. Why is 私わたしは行いくでしょう an odd way to talk about your own weekend plans?

Show answer

でしょう is a forecast, and you decide your own plans. It sounds like you are watching yourself from outside. たぶん行いくと思おもう is natural.

9. Say "It'll probably be fine" casually.

Show answer

たぶん大丈夫だいじょうぶ — in casual speech, たぶん alone carries the whole hedge.

Use a trial lesson to guess about next weekend with たぶん and きっと, and try おそらく to hear the stiffer, news-style version of たぶん.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

たぶん	たぶん — probably (everyday)
おそらく	おそらく — probably (formal)
きっと	きっと — surely, I'm sure
絶対	ぜったい — absolutely
〜でしょう	〜でしょう — probably (sentence end, polite)
〜だろう	〜だろう — probably (sentence end, plain)
かもしれない	かもしれない — maybe, might
晴れる	はれる — to clear up, be sunny
合格する	ごうかくする — to pass (an exam)
大丈夫	だいじょうぶ — fine, okay

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, so most of the example sentences on this blog come from patterns I've actually heard in lessons and on screen. Guessing words are a place where learners get stuck in a very particular way, which is why the ladder above is worth burning in. For practice with feedback, Book a trial lesson · $13, or work through Japanese practice exercises first.

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4 · Read something at this level: JLPT N4 stories with audio

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