LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N3What anime teaches · Sep 20, 2026

〜なし: the short, hard way to say "without" in Japanese

なし is "none / without", and it is grammatically a noun rather than a verb ending — which is why it can end a sentence with a blunt finality that ありません never manages, and why declarations in fiction reach for it.

Most learners meet ない first and assume なし is a dusty alternative. It is not. なし is alive in ordinary Japanese — on menus, in schedules, in rules — and it also carries a weight in spoken declarations that makes it the ending of choice for the kind of line a character says once and does not repeat.

The basics

What is なし?

The noun form of ない. Where ない is "does not exist", なし is "absence of", and because it is a noun it attaches to other nouns directly and stands on its own.

砂糖さとうなしでお願ねがいします。 — Without sugar, please. (polite — a café order) 今日きょうは宿題しゅくだいなしです。 — There's no homework today. (polite)

No particle is needed between the noun and なし. 砂糖さとうのなし and 砂糖さとうをなし are both wrong; it is simply 砂糖さとうなし.

The three everyday forms

  • 〜なし — the bare noun: 予約よやくなし, 問題もんだいなし.
  • 〜なしで — "without doing / having": 予約よやくなしで入いれます.
  • 〜なしに — same meaning, slightly more formal and more common in writing: 許可きょかなしに入いるな.

予約よやくなしで大丈夫だいじょうぶですか。 — Is it okay without a reservation? (polite — a genuinely useful question) 許可きょかなしに入はいってはいけません。 — You must not enter without permission. (formal, a notice)

なしで and なしに are close enough that you will rarely go wrong choosing either, but notices and rules lean に and conversation leans で.

Where you will actually read it

Signs, menus and schedules, because なし is short and fits where a sentence would not.

本日ほんじつ、休やすみなし。 — Open today, no closing. (a shop sign)

Once you start noticing it, なし turns up constantly in written Japanese that has to fit in a small space — which is most of the Japanese a visitor actually reads.

Beyond the basics

Why なし ends declarations

Because it is a noun, なし can close a sentence with no verb inflection at all — no です, no ます, no tense. That gives it a finality that ありません, which is still a polite verb doing polite verb things, cannot produce.

我わが生涯しょうがいに一片いっぺんの悔くいなし。 — In my whole life, not one regret. (archaic, declamatory — a famous line) 問題もんだいなし。 — No problems. (clipped, a report)

The second one is ordinary. 問題もんだいなし is what someone says checking equipment or finishing a task, and it is brisk rather than dramatic. The register runs from "status report" to "final words", and the grammar is identical.

なし vs ない vs ありません

Same meaning, three different levels of finish.

Form Feel Example
なし Clipped, noun-like, final 問題もんだいなし
ない Plain, casual 問題もんだいない
ありません Polite, complete 問題もんだいありません

問題もんだいありません。 — There is no problem. (polite — what you say to a client) 問題もんだいない。 — It's fine. (casual — what you say to a friend)

You cannot substitute なし freely into polite conversation. 問題もんだいなしです exists and sounds slightly brusque; 問題もんだいありません is the safe polite version. This is the same register ladder that runs through most of spoken Japanese, and if the polite-versus-casual line is still unclear, keigo vs casual Japanese is the article that sets it out.

〜なしに and 〜ないで

Both translate as "without doing", but they attach to different things. なしに takes a noun; ないで takes a verb.

何なにも言いわないで帰かえった。 — He went home without saying anything. (casual — verb + ないで) 連絡れんらくなしに休やすんだ。 — He took the day off without notice. (neutral — noun + なしに)

Choosing between them is usually a matter of whether you have a noun available. 連絡れんらく exists, so なしに works; for "without saying", 言いう has no convenient noun, so ないで is the natural route.

抜ぬき — the other "without"

ぬき (抜ぬき), from 抜ぬく "to remove", is the everyday spoken alternative, and it is what you actually say in a restaurant.

わさび抜ぬきでお願ねがいします。 — Without wasabi, please. (polite — standard restaurant Japanese) 冗談抜じょうだんぬききで、これはすごい。 — Joking aside, this is amazing. (casual)

抜ぬき implies something has been taken out of a default, which is why it fits food orders so well. なし is more neutral: it simply reports an absence. For an order, 抜ぬき is the more natural of the two — and the rest of what to say at the table, including the reaction that is expected on the first bite, is in Japanese words for delicious.

〜なしではいられない

A set pattern worth recognising: "cannot do without".

コーヒーなしではいられない。 — I can't get by without coffee. (casual)

It is one of the standard ways to say you depend on something, and the grammar is just なしで plus the potential negative of いる.

Common mistakes

  • Adding a particle before なし. It is 砂糖さとうなし, not 砂糖さとうのなし or 砂糖さとうをなし.
  • Using なし where ありません is expected. In polite conversation, 問題もんだいありません is the safe form; 問題もんだいなし is a status report, not a reply to a client.
  • Attaching なしに to a verb. Verbs take ないで. なしに takes nouns.
  • Using なし in a restaurant. 抜ぬき is the natural word for removing an ingredient: わさび抜ぬき, not わさびなし.
  • Assuming it is archaic. 予約よやくなし, 休やすみなし and 問題もんだいなし are all current, ordinary Japanese.

The four ways to say "without"

Form Attaches to Register Example
〜なし Noun Clipped, written 問題もんだいなし
〜なしで Noun Neutral, spoken 予約よやくなしで
〜なしに Noun Formal, written 許可きょかなしに
〜抜ぬきで Noun Casual, spoken わさび抜ぬきで
〜ないで Verb Neutral 言いわないで

FAQ

Is なし old-fashioned? No. The declamatory use sounds archaic because of the sentences it appears in, but 予約よやくなし and 問題もんだいなし are everyday modern Japanese.

Can I say 問題もんだいなしです? You can, and it is understood, but it sounds clipped. 問題もんだいありません is the natural polite form.

What is the difference between なしで and 抜ぬきで? 抜ぬき implies removal from a default state, so it suits food orders and "jokes aside". なし simply reports absence.

How do I ask if I can enter without a reservation? 予約よやくなしで大丈夫だいじょうぶですか, or 予約よやくなしで入いれますか. Both are natural and useful.

Is 一片いっぺん a common word? Not in speech — 一片いっぺん (いっぺん), "a single fragment", is literary. The famous line it appears in is recognisable to most Japanese speakers, but you would not use the word in conversation.

What is the opposite of なし? あり. You will see the pair on forms and menus: 有あり/無なし, meaning "with / without", often written 有あり・無む.

Practice

Build each answer before opening it. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair — same meaning, different things to attach to.

1. Order a coffee without sugar.

Show answer

砂糖さとうなしでお願ねがいします — no particle between the noun and なし.

2. Something is wrong here: 砂糖さとうのなしでお願ねがいします。

Show answer

砂糖さとうなしでお願ねがいします — なし attaches directly. No の, no を.

3. Ask whether it's okay without a reservation.

Show answer

予約よやくなしで大丈夫だいじょうぶですか — 予約よやくなしで入いれますか also works.

4. Say "he took the day off without notice."

Show answer

連絡れんらくなしに休やすんだ — なしに takes a noun. This is the pair to question 5.

5. Say "he went home without saying anything."

Show answer

何なにも言いわないで帰かえった — a verb takes ないで, not なしに. This is the pair to question 4.

6. Order sushi without wasabi.

Show answer

わさび抜ぬきでお願ねがいします — 抜ぬき is the natural word for removing an ingredient.

7. Reply to a client that there is no problem.

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問題もんだいありません — 問題もんだいなし is a status report, and it sounds clipped to a client.

8. Say "I can't get by without coffee."

Show answer

コーヒーなしではいられない — なしで plus the potential negative of いる.

9. Translate: 冗談抜じょうだんぬききで、これはすごい。

Show answer

Joking aside, this is amazing — 抜ぬき removes something from the default, here the joking.

10. What is the opposite of なし on a form?

Show answer

あり(有あり) — 有あり・無む is the with/without pair you will see on forms and menus.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

無し	なし — without, none
有り	あり — with, existing
抜く	ぬく — to remove, to pull out
予約	よやく — reservation
許可	きょか — permission
連絡	れんらく — contact, notice
問題	もんだい — problem
砂糖	さとう — sugar
宿題	しゅくだい — homework
冗談	じょうだん — joke
生涯	しょうがい — one's whole life
悔い	くい — regret
休み	やすみ — rest, day off
帰る	かえる — to go home
大丈夫	だいじょうぶ — all right, fine
本日	ほんじつ — today (formal)

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. なし is one of those words students first meet in a famous line and then never notice again — when in fact they walk past it on shop signs several times a day.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N3

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