LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

す vs りる: lend, borrow, and the Japanese verbs that come in pairs

す means to lend (it leaves you) and りる means to borrow (it comes to you). The reason this pair is so hard is that both can take the particle に — so the particle does not tell you the direction. The verb does, and only the verb.

In most languages you can lean on prepositions to sort this out: you lend to someone and borrow from someone. Japanese takes that crutch away. 友達ともだちす and 友達ともだちりる are both correct sentences with the same particle, pointing in opposite directions.

The basics

The two verbs

友達ともだちほんしました。 — I lent a book to a friend. (the book left me) 友達ともだちほんりました。 — I borrowed a book from a friend. (the book came to me)

Identical particles. Opposite directions. If you are trying to work out which is which from に, you are looking in the wrong place.

Verb Direction Conjugation Te-form
す (かす) It leaves you Group 1 して
りる (かりる) It comes to you Group 2 りて
かえす (かえす) Giving it back Group 1 かえして

かえす is the third member and the one learners forget: ほんかえしました ("I returned the book"). Note that かえす is the -su verb like す, which is a useful hook — the two verbs where something leaves your hands both end in す.

The particle, and why から is safer

す always takes ひとに. りる takes ひとor ひとから, and から is the one that removes all ambiguity.

かれ千円せんえんした。 — I lent him 1,000 yen. かれから千円せんえんりた。 — I borrowed 1,000 yen from him. (から makes the source explicit) 図書館としょかんほんりました。 — I borrowed a book from the library. (で, because a place is where the action happened)

When you are unsure and speaking, use から with りる. It is natural, it is common, and it makes the sentence unmistakable.

That library example is worth a second look: institutions take で (the place of the action), not から. 図書館としょかんからりる is not wrong, but 図書館としょかんで borrowing is what people say.

Asking to borrow something

Two natural ways, and they point at different people.

ペンをしてください。 — Please lend me a pen. (you are asking them to act) ペンをりてもいいですか。 — May I borrow a pen? (you are asking permission to act) ペン、してもらえますか。 — Could you lend me a pen? (polite, the softest of the three)

してもらえますか is the one to have ready, and it is built on the te-form like most polite requests. It is polite without being stiff, and it works with almost any verb — せてもらえますか, 手伝てつだってもらえますか. The 〜てもいいですか form is the permission grammar doing exactly what it always does.

Beyond the basics

This is a family, not a one-off

Once you see that Japanese puts direction inside the verb, the same shape appears everywhere — and each pair has caught every learner at least once.

Coming toward you Leaving you English pair
りる borrow / lend
なら おしえる learn / teach
buy / sell
もらう あげる receive / give
せる look at / show
かせる hear / let hear

ならう and おしえる are the pair that most often goes wrong after す/りる, for exactly the same reason: 先生せんせいならう ("learn from the teacher") and 先生せんせいおしえる ("teach the teacher") both take に. Japanese does not mark the direction on the noun, so it never will.

The practical takeaway is a study habit: whenever you learn a verb that involves something moving between two people, ask immediately whether it has a partner. Learning them as a pair costs nothing extra and prevents a very specific kind of embarrassing sentence.

してくれる — the version with a favour attached

くれる added to the te-form means "did it for me," and it is extremely common with す.

友達ともだちほんしてくれた。 — A friend lent me a book. (and it was kind of them) きんしてくれませんか。 — Could you lend me some money? (polite request)

Note the particle changed: 友達ともだち, because the friend is now the subject doing the favour. This is the most natural way to describe someone helping you out, and leaving out くれる makes a sentence sound oddly flat — 友達ともだちほんした is grammatically fine but reads like a police report.

り as a noun: owing someone

り on its own means a debt or an obligation, and it is a fixed expression worth knowing.

りができた。 — I owe you one. このりはかならかえす。 — I'll definitely repay this debt.

That second sentence is anime dialogue almost verbatim — it shows up whenever a character has been rescued and is not emotionally equipped to say thank you. Note it uses かえす, the same verb as returning a borrowed book, which is why the metaphor works in the first place.

What about レンタル?

レンタル is used for commercial rental where money changes hands and the item is not personal: レンタカー (rental car), DVDのレンタル, レンタルオフィス.

レンタカーをりました。 — I rented a car. (note: りる is still the verb)

The word for the service is レンタル; the verb is still りる. レンタルする exists but sounds like business vocabulary. For anything personal — a pen, a book, an umbrella — りる with no レンタル anywhere near it.

There is also 貸し出かしだし, the formal noun for lending out, which you will see in libraries and rental counters: 貸出中かしだしちゅう ("currently on loan"). You do not need to produce it, but it is on a lot of signs.

Common mistakes

  • Reversing the two. 友達ともだちほんりました means you received the book. If you were the one handing it over, you needed しました. There is no particle to save you here — check the verb.
  • Using を for the person. 友達ともだちほんした is doubly wrong: the person takes に, and a clause cannot have two を anyway.
  • Saying りてください to mean "please lend me." That tells the other person to borrow something. You want してください.
  • Forgetting くれる when someone did you a favour. してくれた is what native speakers say. した on its own describes a transaction, not a kindness.
  • Using レンタルする for personal lending. Asking a friend to レンタル you a pen is a strange sentence. してもらえますか.
  • Mixing up かえす and かえる. Both are かえる-shaped, and they are different verbs: かえす is to give back an object, かえる is to go home. ほんかえす is not a sentence.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: identical particles, opposite directions.

1. What does 友達ともだちほんしました mean?

Show answer

I lent a book to a friend — the book left you. す is the "it goes away from me" verb.

2. What does 友達ともだちほんりました mean?

Show answer

I borrowed a book from a friend — the book came to you. Same particle に as question 1, opposite direction. The verb is the only thing carrying that information.

3. Rewrite かれ千円せんえんりた to make the source unmistakable.

Show answer

かれから千円せんえんりたりる accepts either に or から, and から names the source explicitly. When speaking and unsure, use から.

4. Ask politely to borrow a pen.

Show answer

ペン、してもらえますか — polite without being stiff. ペンをしてください and ペンをりてもいいですか also work; the first asks them to act, the second asks permission for you to act.

5. Something is wrong here: ペンをりてください。

Show answer

ペンをしてくださいりてください tells the other person to go and borrow something. You want them to lend, so the verb is す.

6. Say "a friend lent me a book (and it was kind of them)."

Show answer

友達ともだちほんしてくれた — くれる marks it as a favour done for you, and the friend becomes the が subject. Without くれる the sentence sounds like a transaction record.

7. What is the partner verb of ならう, and what is the trap?

Show answer

おしえる — and both take に先生せんせいならう is "learn from the teacher", 先生せんせいおしえる is "teach the teacher". Exactly the same problem as す/りる, for exactly the same reason.

8. Say "I borrowed a book from the library."

Show answer

図書館としょかんほんりました — institutions take で, marking where the action happened. 図書館としょかんから is understood but not what people say.

9. What does りができた mean?

Show answer

I owe you oneり as a noun means a debt or obligation. Repaying it uses かえす, the same verb as returning a borrowed object.

10. Say "I rented a car."

Show answer

レンタカーをりました — レンタル names the service, but the verb is still りる. レンタルする exists and sounds like business vocabulary.

FAQ

Is there a trick for remembering which is which? The two verbs where something leaves your hands both end in す: す (lend it out) and かえす (give it back). りる, where something comes toward you, does not. It is not a rule of Japanese, but it is a reliable hook.

Can りる take から always? With people, yes, and it is clearer. With institutions and places, で is more natural (図書館としょかんりる, レンタルりる). から is never wrong, only sometimes less idiomatic.

How do I say "can I borrow your bathroom"? トイレをおりできますか, or more simply トイレをりてもいいですか. This is a genuinely standard phrase in Japan — asking to use a shop's or a home's toilet is phrased as borrowing it, which surprises most learners the first time.

What is the difference between してください and してもらえますか? Both are polite. 〜てください is a direct request, and to a stranger or someone senior it can feel a touch blunt. 〜てもらえますか asks whether they could, which leaves them room, and 〜ていただけますか is the formal step above that.

Is りる ever used for things that aren't objects? Yes — ちからりる ("borrow someone's strength," i.e. get help) and りる ("lend a hand") are both common set phrases. して ("give me a hand") is the version you will hear shouted.

Why does かえす conjugate like す? Both are Group 1 verbs ending in す, so they follow the same pattern: かえします / かえして / かえした, します / して / した. りる is Group 2 and behaves differently: ります / りて / りた.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

貸す	かす — to lend
借りる	かりる — to borrow
返す	かえす — to give back, to return (an object)
帰る	かえる — to go home
友達	ともだち — friend
本	ほん — book
図書館	としょかん — library
千円	せんえん — 1,000 yen
お金	おかね — money
習う	ならう — to learn (from someone)
教える	おしえる — to teach
売る	うる — to sell
買う	かう — to buy
見せる	みせる — to show
手伝う	てつだう — to help
借り	かり — a debt, an obligation
貸出中	かしだしちゅう — currently on loan
力	ちから — strength, power
手	て — hand

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners hunt for a particle rule here and there isn't one — the fix is to stop looking at に entirely and learn the pair as a pair, which also quietly fixes ならう and おしえる before they can go wrong.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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