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N5Getting started · Sep 22, 2026

JLPT levels explained: N5 to N1, the pass marks, and which one to take

The JLPT runs from N5 (easiest) to N1 (hardest), every level is scored out of 180, and passing needs both an overall score and a minimum in every section — so you cannot carry a strong reading score past a weak listening one.

The test is also narrower than most people assume: it has no speaking and no writing. It measures what you can recognise, not what you can produce, which decides both how useful it is and how you should study for it.

The basics

What do the five levels mean?

The official descriptions, from the JLPT organisers:

Level What it certifies
N5 "The ability to understand some basic Japanese"
N4 "The ability to understand basic Japanese"
N3 "The ability to understand Japanese used in everyday situations to a certain degree"
N2 "The ability to understand Japanese used in everyday situations, and in a variety of circumstances to a certain degree"
N1 "The ability to understand Japanese used in a variety of circumstances"

N3 is explicitly the bridge between the lower and upper halves, which is why it feels like a bigger jump than the numbers suggest. N2 is the level most employers ask for; N1 is the one that stops people asking.

How is it scored?

Out of 180 at every level, split into scoring sections that differ by level.

Level Sections Points
N1, N2, N3 Language Knowledge (vocab/grammar), Reading, Listening 60 + 60 + 60
N4, N5 Language Knowledge・Reading combined, Listening 120 + 60

Listening is 60 points at every level — a third of the total at N1 to N3, and it is the section learners most often neglect, because it is the hardest to fake with study apps.

What are the pass marks?

Two conditions, both required: the overall mark, and a minimum in each section.

Level Overall pass Section minimums
N1 100 19 in each of the three
N2 90 19 in each of the three
N3 95 19 in each of the three
N4 90 38 (Knowledge・Reading), 19 (Listening)
N5 80 19 (Knowledge・Reading), 19 (Listening)

Note the oddity: N3's overall pass mark (95) is higher than N2's (90). That is not a typo in this article — it is how the marks are set, and it is one reason N3 has a reputation for being harder than its position suggests.

What is not on the test?

Speaking and writing. There is no interview, no essay, and no production of any kind — every question is multiple choice.

This is the single most important fact about the JLPT, and it explains the phenomenon every teacher sees: students holding N2 who cannot order lunch comfortably, and students with no certificate at all who talk fluently. The test measures recognition. Conversation is a different skill, built the way described in how to study Japanese by yourself.

Beyond the basics

Which level should you actually take?

Work backwards from why you want it.

  • For a job in Japan: N2 is the usual bar, N1 for anything involving documents or clients. Below N2, the certificate rarely changes a hiring decision.
  • For a university programme: N1, usually, and often with a score floor above the pass mark.
  • For motivation: whichever one you can pass in six months. A deadline you meet beats a level you admire.
  • For nothing in particular: possibly none. If no one is going to ask for the certificate, the study time may be better spent on speaking.

I have prepped students for every level, and the ones who get the most out of it are those with a specific external reason. The ones who take it "to see where I am" usually learn less from the result than from a single conversation with a teacher.

How long does each level take?

There is no honest universal answer, because the variables — prior kanji knowledge, study hours, whether you live in Japan — swamp any average. What is reliable is the shape: N5 to N4 is a short step, N4 to N3 is a longer one, and N3 to N2 is the longest of all, because the jump into natural-speed material happens there.

The overall picture for Japanese as a whole is in how long it takes to learn Japanese. For JLPT specifically, the useful planning unit is kanji count and listening hours, not months.

What does the test actually feel like?

Fast, and heavy on reading stamina. The reading section is long enough that pace is a skill in itself, and running out of time is a more common failure than not knowing the answers.

Two practical consequences. First, practise with a timer from the start, because a paper you could have passed untimed is still a fail. Second, do not leave blanks — there is no penalty for a wrong answer on a multiple-choice test, so an unanswered question is simply a discarded chance.

How do you prepare for the listening section?

By listening to things at natural speed, every day, for months. There is no shortcut, and the section is deliberately built to resist one — the audio plays once.

Anime is legitimate practice here, with one caveat: it trains you on dramatic dialogue, while the test uses office conversations, announcements and neutral chat. Use both. Which series are actually useful for this is covered in the best anime to learn Japanese from, and the register gap is in why anime Japanese sounds rude.

Is N1 worth it?

If someone is going to ask for it, yes, unambiguously. If nobody is, it is an expensive way to study vocabulary you will rarely meet — N1 reaches into newspaper editorials and formal written grammar that almost never appears in speech.

A hard truth from teaching: the vocabulary that makes daily life in Japan comfortable is largely N3-level, plus the workplace words no level covers well. The set that actually turns up at work is in business Japanese the JLPT never teaches you.

Common mistakes

  • Assuming a high total passes you. You also need the minimum in every section. A brilliant reader with weak listening fails.
  • Treating N3 as a small step up from N4. It is the bridge level, and its overall pass mark is higher than N2's.
  • Studying only vocabulary lists. Listening is a third of the mark at N1 to N3 and cannot be crammed.
  • Ignoring the clock. Running out of time in reading is a more common cause of failure than gaps in knowledge.
  • Leaving answers blank. No penalty for wrong answers means a blank is a wasted point.
  • Expecting it to prove you can speak. There is no speaking section. It never claimed there was.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 3 and 4 are a pair: the same total score, two different outcomes.

1. Which is harder, N1 or N5?

Show answer

N1 — the numbers run downward in difficulty order: N5 is the easiest, N1 the hardest.

2. How many points is every level scored out of?

Show answer

180 — at every level. The split into sections differs, but the total does not.

3. You take N2 and score 120 overall, with 18 in listening. Do you pass?

Show answer

No — 120 clears the overall pass mark of 90, but each section needs at least 19. One section below the minimum fails the whole test.

4. Same test, 120 overall with 20 in every section. Do you pass?

Show answer

Yes — both conditions are met. This is the pair to question 3: the total was never the problem.

5. Which level has a higher overall pass mark, N2 or N3?

Show answer

N3, at 95 against N2's 90 — genuinely counterintuitive, and part of why N3 has a reputation as a hard step.

6. How many scoring sections does N5 have?

Show answer

Two — Language Knowledge・Reading combined (120 points) and Listening (60). N1 to N3 split knowledge and reading apart.

7. You have ten seconds left and three unanswered questions. What do you do?

Show answer

Guess all three — there is no penalty for wrong answers, so a blank is simply a discarded chance.

8. An employer asks for "business-level Japanese." Which level are they usually asking for?

Show answer

N2, sometimes N1 — N2 is the common bar, with N1 for roles involving documents or client-facing work.

9. Does passing N1 prove you can hold a conversation?

Show answer

No — there is no speaking section. It certifies comprehension, which is a different skill from production.

10. Your listening is weak and the test is in three months. What gets priority?

Show answer

Daily natural-speed listening — it is a third of the mark at N1 to N3, it has a sectional minimum, and it is the one section that cannot be crammed.

FAQ

How often is the JLPT held? Twice a year in Japan, in July and December. Overseas test sites vary — some offer both sittings, some only December — so check your local site early, because registration closes months ahead.

Is there a speaking or writing test? No. Every question is multiple choice, covering vocabulary, grammar, reading and listening.

Can I skip levels? Yes. There is no requirement to pass a lower level first, and plenty of people start at N3 or N2.

What happens if I fail one section? You fail the level, even with a high total. Both the overall mark and every sectional minimum have to be met.

Do I need N1 to work in Japan? Usually not. N2 is the common requirement, and many jobs in English-speaking environments ask for nothing at all. N1 matters most for document-heavy or client-facing roles.

Is the JLPT a good study goal? It is a good deadline and a poor syllabus. The certificate motivates, and the test's blind spot — speaking — is exactly the half that decides whether living in Japan feels comfortable.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

日本語能力試験	にほんごのうりょくしけん — the JLPT
試験	しけん — exam
受験する	じゅけんする — to sit an exam
合格	ごうかく — passing, success
不合格	ふごうかく — failing
点	てん — point, mark
合計	ごうけい — total
読解	どっかい — reading comprehension
聴解	ちょうかい — listening comprehension
言語知識	げんごちしき — language knowledge (vocab and grammar)
語彙	ごい — vocabulary
文法	ぶんぽう — grammar
漢字	かんじ — kanji
申し込み	もうしこみ — application, registration
締め切り	しめきり — deadline
資格	しかく — qualification, certification

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. I prep students for the JLPT and I tell all of them the same thing first: it will not test whether you can speak, so decide in advance whether the certificate or the conversation is what you actually came for.

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Sources: The Japan Foundation and Japan Educational Exchanges and Services, JLPT level summary for the level descriptions, and Pass or Fail Judgement / Scoring Sections for the scoring sections, score ranges, overall pass marks and sectional pass marks. Teaching observations are the author's own.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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