LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 17, 2026

Japanese position words: うえ, した, なか, まえ, うしろ — and the の you cannot drop

Japanese has no prepositions. Position words like うえ (above), した (below) and なか (inside) are nouns, and they attach with の: つくえうえ is literally "the desk's top." Get that one structural fact and the whole set follows from it.

This is one of the earliest places where Japanese refuses to map onto English, and learners who paper over it with translation end up producing sentences that are almost right for months. The fix is not memorizing more words — it is seeing that "on the desk" is a possessive in Japanese.

The basics

The words themselves

Japanese Reading English
うえ うえ on, above
した した under, below
なか なか inside, in
そと そと outside
まえ まえ in front of; before
うし うしろ behind
みぎ みぎ right
ひだり ひだり left
となり となり next to (same category)
よこ よこ beside (physically alongside)
あいだ あいだ between
ちか ちかく near
かい むかい opposite, facing

The structure: noun + の + position + に/で

つくえうえほんがあります。 — There's a book on the desk. (polite, stating existence) えきまえっています。 — I'm waiting in front of the station. (polite, an action happening there)

The pattern is always the same: the reference object, then の, then the position word, then a particle. つくえうえ is a noun phrase meaning "the desk's top," and it behaves like any other place noun after that.

The の is not optional

This is the error that survives longest.

テーブルのしたねこがいます。 — There's a cat under the table. (polite)

テーブルした is not a sentence — it looks like a compound noun and reads as "table-bottom," a technical term rather than a location. Every position word needs の between it and what it is positioned relative to. The exception is a handful of fixed compounds like 地下ちか (basement) and 年内ねんない (within the year), which are separate vocabulary rather than the grammar on this page.

For the wider set of jobs の does, see the particle の — position is one of five.

Beyond the basics

に vs で: existence vs action

Once you have built つくえうえ, the particle that follows decides what kind of sentence you get.

つくえうえほんがあります。 — There's a book on the desk. (に — where something exists) つくえうえほんみます。 — I read a book on the desk. (で — where an action happens)

This is the same に/で split covered in で vs に, and position words are where it bites hardest, because English uses "on" for both. If the verb is ある, いる or a state, use に. If the verb is something you do, use で.

となり vs よこ vs ちかく: three kinds of "next to"

These three are not interchangeable, and the difference is real.

  • となり (となり) — next to, in the same category. Two houses, two seats, two shops in a row.
  • よこ (よこ) — physically alongside. Anything can be よこ of anything.
  • ちかく (ちかく) — near, without touching. Vague by design.

えきとなりにコンビニがあります。 — There's a convenience store next to the station. (polite — both are buildings) ほんよこにペンがあります。 — There's a pen beside the book. (polite — different kinds of thing, so よこ)

Saying えきよこ about a convenience store is not wrong, but it emphasizes physical adjacency rather than "the next one along." Saying ほんとなり about a pen is odd, because a pen and a book are not the same category of thing sitting in a row. Native speakers apply this without thinking about it; learners have to think about it for a while first.

まえ and うしろ do time as well as space

食事しょくじまえあらいます。 — I wash my hands before eating. (polite, time) 建物たてものまえいましょう。 — Let's meet in front of the building. (polite, space)

Same word, both jobs, and Japanese does not distinguish them. あと (あと) is the time counterpart of うしろ — 食事しょくじあと ("after the meal") uses あと, not うしろ, which is a distinction worth noting because both are written with the same kanji.

あいだ: between, and 〜のに for time

銀行ぎんこう郵便局ゆうびんきょくにあります。 — It's between the bank and the post office. (polite — note the と joining the two reference points) 夏休なつやすみの旅行りょこうしました。 — I travelled during the summer holiday. (polite — a span of time)

For space, you need two reference points joined by と. For time, あいだ means "during," and adding に narrows it to "at some point during," which is a distinction Japanese makes and English does not.

Where the position word can be dropped

If the location is obvious, Japanese drops the position word entirely and just marks the place.

学校がっこうにいます。 — I'm at school. (polite — no なか needed; being at a school implies inside it) 東京とうきょうんでいます。 — I live in Tokyo. (polite — no なか)

Adding なか to these is a common learner over-correction. 学校がっこうなかにいます is grammatical but says something more specific: "I am inside the school building," as opposed to on the grounds. Use the position word when the position is the information; drop it when the place alone is enough.

Common mistakes

  • Dropping the の. テーブルした, 机上きじょう — these read as compound nouns, not locations. It is テーブルした.
  • Using で where に belongs. With ある and いる, it is always に. つくえうえほんがあります is wrong.
  • Adding なか to every "in." 東京とうきょうなかんでいます over-specifies. 東京とうきょうんでいます is what people say.
  • Using となり for things in different categories. ほんとなりにペン sounds odd; ほんよこにペン is natural.
  • Using うしろ for time. 食事しょくじうしろ is spatial — behind the meal. The time word is あと (あと).
  • Forgetting the と in あいだ. 銀行ぎんこう郵便局ゆうびんきょくあいだ is not a sentence. It is 銀行ぎんこう郵便局ゆうびんきょくあいだ.

Position words at a glance

You want to say Structure Example
Something exists there 〜の〜に + あります/います つくえうえほんがあります
An action happens there 〜の〜で + verb つくえうえきます
Next one along, same kind 〜のとなり えきとなり
Physically alongside 〜のよこ ほんよこ
Between two things AとBのあいだ 銀行ぎんこう郵便局ゆうびんきょくあいだ
Before/after in time 〜のまえ / 〜のあと 食事しょくじまえ / 食事しょくじあと
Near, unspecific 〜のちか えきちか

Practice

Questions 1 and 2 are the pair: the same position phrase with に and with で.

1. Say "there's a book on the desk," politely.

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つくえうえほんがあります。 — Existence takes に. The の is not optional.

2. Say "I read a book on the desk," politely.

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つくえうえほんみます。 — An action takes で. Same location phrase, different sentence type.

3. Say "there's a cat under the table."

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テーブルのしたねこがいます。 — いる for a living thing, に for existence, の between テーブル and した.

4. Say "there's a convenience store next to the station."

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えきとなりにコンビニがあります。となり because both are buildings in a row.

5. Say "there's a pen beside the book."

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ほんよこにペンがあります。よこ, not となり: a pen and a book are not the same category of thing.

6. Say "it's between the bank and the post office."

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銀行ぎんこう郵便局ゆうびんきょくにあります。 — Two reference points joined by と, then のあいだ.

7. Say "I wash my hands before eating."

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食事しょくじまえあらいます。まえ does time as well as space.

8. Say "I live in Tokyo," the way people actually say it.

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東京とうきょうんでいます。 — No なか. Adding it over-specifies and marks you as translating.

9. Fix this: テーブルしたねこがいます。

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テーブルのしたねこがいます。 — Without の it reads as a compound noun, not a location.

10. Fix this: 食事しょくじうしろに散歩さんぽします。

Show answer

食事しょくじあと散歩さんぽします。うしろ is spatial ("behind"). The time word is あと, read あと.

FAQ

Why does Japanese use nouns instead of prepositions? Because the structure is possessive: "the desk's top" rather than "on the desk." Once you accept that, the の stops feeling like an extra piece you keep forgetting and starts feeling required, which it is.

Is うえ always "on top of"? Not quite — it covers "above" as well, whether or not there is contact. つくえうえ can be a book resting on the desk or a lamp hanging over it. If contact matters, context supplies it.

How do I say "on the wall"? かべに, usually with a verb like る or かける rather than a position word. かべうえ would mean on top of the wall, looking down — a different picture entirely.

What is the difference between ちかく and そば? そば is closer and slightly warmer; ちかく is a neutral "in the vicinity." Both are fine in most sentences, and そば also appears figuratively for being at someone's side.

Does なか ever mean something other than "inside"? Yes — 〜なか read ちゅう or じゅう is a suffix meaning "during" or "throughout": 仕事中しごとちゅう ("during work"), 会議中かいぎちゅう ("in a meeting"), 一日中いちにちじゅう ("all day"). That is a different item from the なか on this page, and it attaches directly to the noun with no の.

Why is となり sometimes written となり in kana? Both are standard. The kanji is common in writing, and kana appears where a writer wants a softer look. Neither changes the meaning.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

上	うえ — on, above
下	した — under, below
中	なか — inside
外	そと — outside
前	まえ — in front of; before
後ろ	うしろ — behind
後	あと — after (time)
右	みぎ — right
左	ひだり — left
隣	となり — next to (same category)
横	よこ — beside
間	あいだ — between; during
近く	ちかく — near
向かい	むかい — opposite, facing
机	つくえ — desk
銀行	ぎんこう — bank
郵便局	ゆうびんきょく — post office
食事	しょくじ — a meal

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The dropped の in テーブルした is the mistake I correct most in absolute beginners, and it always comes from the same place: thinking of "under" as a preposition instead of a noun.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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