LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

The Japanese passive 〜られる: including the one that means "and it annoyed me

The Japanese passive does the job you expect — "it was done" — and then one job English cannot do at all. あめられた means "I got rained on," with the annoyance built into the grammar. There is no English tense for that, which is why it takes learners so long to start using it.

The conjugation is the easy part. What makes this worth an article is the second use, and the fact that the passive form of Group 2 verbs is identical to the potential form — a genuine ambiguity that Japanese itself has been quietly resolving.

The basics

How to build it

Verb type Rule Example
Group 1 final -u → -areru む → れる
Group 2 drop る, add られる べる → られる
する → される 注意ちゅういする → 注意ちゅういされる
られる る → らいられる

このほんおおくのひとまれています。 — This book is read by many people. 先生せんせいめられました。 — I was praised by the teacher. 会議かいぎ三時さんじひらかれます。 — The meeting will be held at three.

The agent takes に

Whoever did it takes に, not を and not が.

ははいかられた。 — I got told off by my mother. 友達ともだちたすけられた。 — I was helped by a friend.

For creations and discoveries, formal Japanese uses によって instead:

このてら千年せんねんまえてられました。 — This temple was built a thousand years ago. 源氏物語げんじものがたり』は紫式部むらさきしきぶによってかれました。 — The Tale of Genji was written by Murasaki Shikibu.

によって is the one you want when naming a creator or an agent in writing. に is for ordinary people doing ordinary things to you.

The suffering passive: the part English lacks

This is the use that makes the passive genuinely useful in conversation. Japanese can make an intransitive verb passive to say that something happened and it affected you badly.

あめられた。 — I got rained on. (and it was a nuisance) 子供こどもかれて、ねむれなかった。 — The baby cried on me, and I couldn't sleep. 友達ともだちられて、勉強べんきょうできなかった。 — A friend turned up and I couldn't study.

Look at that middle sentence. Nothing was done to you grammatically — the baby simply cried — but the passive puts you in the sentence as the person it happened to. English has to add "on me" and a tone of voice.

財布さいふぬすまれました。 — I had my wallet stolen.

This one takes both: the thing stolen keeps を, and you are the subject. わたし財布さいふぬすまれました is grammatical but sounds like a police report about an object; 財布さいふぬすまれました is about what happened to you.

Beyond the basics

べられる is both passive and potential

Group 2 verbs make their passive and their potential identically, which is a real ambiguity.

これはべられますか。 — Can this be eaten? / Is this edible? (potential) ケーキをおとうとべられた。 — My little brother ate my cake. (passive — and I mind)

Context usually decides. But Japanese has been resolving it anyway, through a change called 言葉ことば ("ra-dropping"): in casual speech the potential drops the ら, leaving the passive with it.

Potential (casual) Passive
べる れる べられる
れる られる
らいれる られる

べれる is extremely common in speech and still considered non-standard in writing and formal contexts. Recognise it, expect to hear it constantly, and write べられる. The important thing is knowing why it exists: it is the language solving exactly the problem you just noticed.

Group 1 verbs have no such problem — める (potential) and まれる (passive) are already different.

Why news and signs are full of passives

Japanese formal writing uses the passive to avoid naming an agent, exactly as English does.

〜とわれています。 — It is said that… 中止ちゅうしされました。 — It has been cancelled. このえきは1920ねんつくられました。 — This station was built in 1920.

〜とわれています is worth learning as a unit. It is how Japanese attributes a claim to nobody in particular, and it appears constantly in articles, documentaries and explanations.

How is it different from the causative-passive?

They look related and describe different situations.

Form Meaning Did you act?
まれた It was drunk (by someone) No
まされた I was made to drink Yes, unwillingly
めた I was able to drink Yes, willingly

〜させられる always means someone made you do something. The plain passive means something was done, possibly to you. The overlap in feel is that both can carry resentment — but only one of them has you performing the action.

How does it sound in anime?

The suffering passive and the plain passive both turn up, and the emotional weight is usually on the first:

ころされた。 — He was killed. 裏切うらぎられた。 — I was betrayed. さきかれた。 — They got ahead of me. (and I mind) こんなところなれてたまるか。 — Don't you dare die on me here.

That last construction — なれる — is the suffering passive at full strength. Nobody is doing anything to the speaker; someone is simply dying, and the grammar makes it something being done to them. It is one of the few places where Japanese grammar is straightforwardly more expressive than English.

Common mistakes

  • Using を for the agent. The person who did it takes に: 先生せんせいめられました.
  • Confusing passive and potential in Group 2. べられる is both. Context decides; in casual speech, べれる is the potential.
  • Writing べれる. Fine to say, non-standard to write. Produce べられる in anything formal.
  • わたし財布さいふぬすまれました for a theft. Grammatical, but it makes the sentence about the wallet. 財布さいふぬすまれました is about you.
  • Avoiding the suffering passive. It is not advanced decoration — あめられた is an ordinary sentence, and skipping it means saying something flatter than you meant.
  • によって with an everyday agent. ははによっていかられた is odd. によって is for creators and formal agents; に is for people.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 5 and 6 are a pair: identical grammar, two different meanings, and one of them is going away.

1. Make む passive.

Show answer

まれる — Group 1: the final -u becomes -areru. Polite: まれます.

2. Say "I was praised by the teacher."

Show answer

先生せんせいめられました — the agent takes に, never を or が.

3. Say "I got rained on."

Show answer

あめられた — the suffering passive. Nothing was done to you grammatically; the passive is what puts you in the sentence as the person affected.

4. Say "I had my wallet stolen."

Show answer

財布さいふぬすまれました — the stolen thing keeps を and you are the subject. わたし財布さいふぬすまれました is about the wallet, not about you.

5. What does これはべられますか mean?

Show answer

"Is this edible?" — the potential reading. Group 2 verbs make the passive and potential identically.

6. What does ケーキをおとうとべられた mean?

Show answer

"My little brother ate my cake" — and I mind — the passive reading of the same form. This is the pair to question 5: identical grammar, and only context separates them.

7. What is ら言葉ことば, and what problem does it solve?

Show answer

Dropping ら from the potentialべれる instead of べられる. It separates the potential from the passive, which is exactly the ambiguity in questions 5 and 6. Common in speech, non-standard in writing.

8. Say "the Tale of Genji was written by Murasaki Shikibu."

Show answer

源氏物語げんじものがたり』は紫式部むらさきしきぶによってかれました — によって for creators and formal agents. 紫式部むらさきしきぶかれました would be odd.

9. What is the difference between まれた and まされた?

Show answer

Whether you did the drinkingまれた means it was drunk by someone. まされた is the causative-passive: you drank it, unwillingly.

10. What does 〜とわれています do?

Show answer

Attributes a claim to nobody in particular — "it is said that…". It is how Japanese articles and documentaries make a statement without naming a source.

FAQ

Is the Japanese passive used as much as the English one? Differently. For "the door was opened," Japanese usually reaches for an intransitive verb (ドアがひらいた) instead. Where the passive earns its place is when someone is affected — which is why the suffering passive is the use you will actually need.

Can any verb take the suffering passive? Intransitive verbs commonly do — られる, かれる, られる, なれる — and the effect is always "and this was a problem for me." It cannot be used for something pleasant, which is a reliable test.

Is ら言葉ことば wrong? It is non-standard, not wrong. It has been spreading for decades, it is entirely normal in speech, and it will probably be standard eventually. For now: say it if you like, do not write it in an exam.

How do I make it negative or past? Regularly, because 〜れる/〜られる conjugates as a Group 2 verb: まれない, まれた, まれなかった, まれています.

Why is わたし財布さいふぬすまれました worse? It is not wrong — it is just about the wallet rather than about you. Japanese strongly prefers to make the affected person the subject, which is the same instinct behind the whole suffering passive.

Does the passive relate to keigo? Yes, and confusingly: 〜れる/〜られる is also a mild honorific. 先生せんせいられました can mean "the teacher came" (respectful), not "the teacher was come." Context and the lack of an agent tell you which, and this honorific use is common in business Japanese.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

読む	よむ — to read
食べる	たべる — to eat
褒める	ほめる — to praise
怒る	おこる — to get angry, to tell off
助ける	たすける — to help, to save
盗む	ぬすむ — to steal
財布	さいふ — wallet
雨	あめ — rain
降る	ふる — to fall (rain)
泣く	なく — to cry
会議	かいぎ — meeting
開く	ひらく — to hold (an event), to open
寺	てら — temple
建てる	たてる — to build
作る	つくる — to make
中止	ちゅうし — cancellation
注意	ちゅうい — warning
裏切る	うらぎる — to betray
殺す	ころす — to kill
死ぬ	しぬ — to die
弟	おとうと — younger brother
駅	えき — station

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners produce まれています fine and then never once say あめられた, because there is no English shape to translate from — and that is the half of the passive that actually comes up in conversation.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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