LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Start here · Sep 15, 2026

Japanese numbers 1–100: the building rule, and the four numbers that have two readings

Japanese numbers above ten are assembled, not memorised: 30 is 三十さんじゅう ("three ten") and 37 is 三十さんじゅうしち ("three ten seven"). Learn one to ten plus the assembly rule and you have every number up to 99 immediately.

The genuinely hard parts are elsewhere, and they are worth knowing about before you start drilling: four numbers have two readings each and the choice is not free, and Japanese groups large numbers every four digits instead of every three, which is why 10,000 feels like a wall the first time you meet it.

The basics

One to ten

Number Kanji Reading
1 いち いち
2
3 さん さん
4 よん / し
5
6 ろく ろく
7 しち なな / しち
8 はち はち
9 きゅう きゅう / く
10 じゅう じゅう

Four, seven and nine have two readings. This is not decoration — which one you use is governed by what follows, and picking wrong is the most common numeric mistake learners make. More on that below.

How do you build 11 to 99?

Two rules cover everything:

  • Above ten: じゅう + the digit. 11 = 十一じゅういち (じゅういち), 15 = 十五じゅうご (じゅうご).
  • Multiples of ten: the digit + じゅう. 20 = 二十にじゅう (にじゅう), 30 = 三十さんじゅう (さんじゅう).
  • Both at once: digit + じゅう + digit. 37 = 三十さんじゅうしち (さんじゅうなな).

三十さんじゅうしちです。 — It's thirty-seven. (literally "three ten seven") 二十九歳にじゅうきゅうさいになりました。 — I turned twenty-nine. (polite; 29 = two-ten-nine)

There are no irregular words like "eleven", "twelve", "twenty" or "fifty" to learn. English is the strange one here.

Zero, hundred, thousand

  • 0 — ゼロ in everyday speech (phone numbers, scores), れい (れい) in formal or written contexts.
  • 100ひゃく (ひゃく). 200 is 二百にひゃく (にひゃく), but 300 is さんびゃく, 600 is ろっぴゃく, 800 is はっぴゃく — sound changes.
  • 1,000せん (せん). 3,000 is さんぜん, 8,000 is はっせん.

Those sound changes are not optional and not predictable from the kanji; they are the reason ひゃく and せん deserve a separate afternoon rather than being lumped in with 1–99.

Beyond the basics

Why do 4, 7 and 9 have two readings?

Because Japanese borrowed one set of readings from Chinese and kept part of its own — and for these three numbers, the borrowed reading collided with something else.

  • 4 — し is a homophone of ("death"), so よん is preferred almost everywhere, especially in hospitals, hotels and anything counted aloud.
  • 7 — しち is easy to mishear as いち, so なな dominates in speech. Time is the big exception: seven o'clock is しちじ, never ななじ.
  • 9 — く is a homophone of ("suffering"). きゅう is the default, but nine o'clock is じ.

四時よじいましょう。 — Let's meet at four. (time: 四時よじ is よじ — not よんじ and not しじ) 七時しちじからはじまります。 — It starts at seven. (time: しちじ, the fixed reading for 7 o'clock)

The practical rule: use よん, なな, きゅう by default, and learn the time expressions as their own set rather than trying to derive them. That is exactly what telling the time covers.

Why is 10,000 a new word?

English groups digits in threes: thousand, million, billion. Japanese groups in fours: まん (10,000), おく (100,000,000), ちょう (a trillion). So 10,000 is not "ten thousand" — it is 一万いちまん (いちまん), one unit of まん.

This means converting large numbers is not a translation but an arithmetic step:

Figure English Japanese
10,000 ten thousand 一万いちまん (いちまん)
100,000 one hundred thousand 十万じゅうまん (じゅうまん)
1,000,000 one million 百万ひゃくまん (ひゃくまん)
100,000,000 one hundred million 一億いちおく (いちおく)

家賃やちんはち万円まんえんです。 — The rent is 80,000 yen. (polite; はちまん = eight units of 10,000)

Prices in Japan are where this bites first, because everyday amounts are in the tens of thousands. The fix is to stop reading the commas printed on the price tag and start chunking four digits from the right.

What about ひとつ, ふたつ, みっつ?

There are two counting systems. The one above (いち, に, さん) is the Sino-Japanese set. There is also a native Japanese set used for counting generic objects up to ten:

ひとつ (ひとつ), ふたつ (ふたつ), みっつ (みっつ), つ (よっつ), いつつ (いつつ), つ (むっつ), ななつ (ななつ), つ (やっつ), ここのつ (ここのつ), じゅう (とお).

すみません、ビールをふたつください。 — Excuse me, two beers please. (polite, restaurant — the native set with no counter word)

This set is a lifesaver, because it works for almost any object without knowing the correct counter. Japanese normally requires a counter word attached to the number — 3 people, 3 machines and 3 long thin things all use different words — and that whole system is covered in Japanese counters. When you do not know the counter, ひとつ / ふたつ / みっつ will get you through.

Reading numbers aloud: phone numbers and years

Phone numbers are read digit by digit, with の for the hyphen, and 0 as ゼロ:

090の1234の5678です。 — It's 090-1234-5678. (polite; の replaces the hyphens)

Years are read as a straight number plus ねん (ねん): 2026 is 二千にせん二十にじゅう六年ろくねん (にせんにじゅうろくねん). Japan also uses era years (令和れいわ, Reiwa) on official forms, which is worth recognising even if you never write one.

Common mistakes

  • Saying よんじ for four o'clock. It is よじ. Time has its own readings and they are not derived from the default ones.
  • Using し for 4 when counting aloud. Not wrong historically, but avoided because of . よん is the safe choice everywhere.
  • Forgetting the sound changes in 300, 600, 800 and 3,000, 8,000. さんひゃく is not a thing; it is さんびゃく.
  • Reading large numbers off the commas. Commas are printed in threes and Japanese counts in fours. Re-chunk before you speak.
  • Using いち, に, さん to count objects without a counter. Use ひとつ, ふたつ, みっつ instead, or attach the right counter.
  • Assuming ゼロ and れい are interchangeable. ゼロ is spoken and everyday; れい is formal and written.

Practice

Say each answer out loud before opening it. Questions 3 and 4 are a pair: the same digit, two different readings.

1. Say 37 in Japanese.

Show answer

三十さんじゅうしち (さんじゅうなな) — "three ten seven". Build it, don't memorise it.

2. Say 68.

Show answer

六十ろくじゅうはち (ろくじゅうはち) — six ten eight. The rule never changes between 11 and 99.

3. How do you say four o'clock?

Show answer

四時よじ (よじ) — not よんじ, not しじ. Time readings are their own set and must be learned directly.

4. How do you say four people?

Show answer

四人よにん (よにん) — again not よんにん. Same digit, different reading, because the counter changed.

5. What is wrong with さんひゃく?

Show answer

300 is さんびゃくひゃく changes sound after 3, 6 and 8: さんびゃく, ろっぴゃく, はっぴゃく.

6. Read 80,000 yen in Japanese.

Show answer

はち万円まんえん (はちまんえん) — eight units of まん. Chunk four digits from the right, not three.

7. You are at a restaurant and want two of something but do not know the counter. What do you say?

Show answer

〜をふたつ (ふたつ) ください — the native counting set works for generic objects and rescues you from counter words.

8. Why do Japanese speakers usually say なな instead of しち?

Show answer

しち is easy to mishear as いち — so なな is safer in speech. Seven o'clock (しちじ) is the main exception.

9. Read this phone number aloud: 03-1234-5678.

Show answer

ゼロさんの いち に さん よん の ご ろく なな はち — digit by digit, の for each hyphen, ゼロ for zero.

10. English "one million" is 百万ひゃくまん in Japanese. Explain why in one sentence.

Show answer

Japanese counts in units of まん (10,000), so a million is one hundred of themひゃく × まん. The grouping is every four digits, not every three.

FAQ

Do I need to learn both readings of 4, 7 and 9? You need to recognise both and produce the default ones (よん, なな, きゅう). The alternate readings survive in fixed expressions — times, dates, some counters — and those are learned as whole words anyway.

Are the kanji numbers used in real life, or just Arabic numerals? Both. Horizontal writing and prices mostly use 1, 2, 3. Vertical writing, formal documents, restaurant menus and older signage use いち, , さん. You will read the kanji far more often than you write them.

Why is there a 〇 on some signs instead of れい? 〇 is the circle used as a zero placeholder in vertical writing and on forms. It is read as ゼロ or れい depending on context.

How do I say "how many"? いくつ for generic objects, なんにん for people, いくら for money. The general question word for numbers is なに (なん) attached to the counter: 何時なんじ, 何人なんにん, 何個なんこ.

Is there a fast way to get comfortable with prices? Read Japanese price tags out loud, chunking from the right in fours. Most everyday shopping lives between せん and まん, so about twenty minutes of practice covers the range you will actually hear.

Do people use おく and ちょう in ordinary conversation? おく appears in news, real estate and salaries often enough to be worth knowing. ちょう is national-budget territory — recognise it, do not drill it.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

一	いち — one
二	に — two
三	さん — three
四	よん / し — four
五	ご — five
六	ろく — six
七	なな / しち — seven
八	はち — eight
九	きゅう / く — nine
十	じゅう — ten
百	ひゃく — hundred
千	せん — thousand
万	まん — ten thousand
億	おく — hundred million
零	れい — zero (formal)
家賃	やちん — rent
歳	さい — years old
何人	なんにん — how many people

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Numbers are the one topic where beginners can jump a whole level in a single lesson — the moment someone sees that 三十さんじゅうしち is just "three ten seven", the entire range from 11 to 99 stops being something to memorise.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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