LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Talking to real people · Sep 13, 2026

Japanese counters: the six you need and the escape hatch for everything else

Japanese will not let you attach a bare number to a noun. ビールをください is not a sentence. You need a counter — a small word that says what kind of thing you are counting — and there are dozens. The good news is that six of them cover most of daily life, and there is an escape hatch for the rest.

English does this too, just less often: you say "two slices of bread," not "two breads." Japanese applies that logic to everything, and then adds sound changes that make 一本いっぽん into いっぽん.

The basics

The six that cover most situations

Counter For Example
〜つ Anything (1–10 only) りんごをさん
ひと (にん) People ひと
ほん (ほん) Long thin things — bottles, pens, umbrellas ビールをほん
まい (まい) Flat things — paper, shirts, tickets, plates 切符きっぷまい
(こ) Small solid objects たまごをろく
はい (はい) Cupfuls and bowlfuls コーヒーをいちはい

ビールを二本にほんください。 — Two beers, please. 切符きっぷ二枚にまいねがいします。 — Two tickets, please. コーヒーを一杯いっぱいください。 — One coffee, please.

Notice the word order: noun + を + number + counter. The counter phrase comes after the thing, not before it. 二本にほんのビール is grammatical but sounds stiff and written.

The escape hatch: 〜つ

ひとつ, ふたつ, みっつ… is the native Japanese number series, and it works for almost any object up to ten. If you have forgotten the right counter, use it — nobody will blink.

1 2 3 4 5
ひとつ ふたつ みっつ よっつ いつつ
6 7 8 9 10
むっつ ななつ やっつ ここのつ とお

すみません、これをみっつください。 — Excuse me, three of these please.

Above ten, つ runs out and you need 〜 or the specific counter. But for ordering and shopping, ten is almost always enough.

People are irregular, and you cannot avoid it

一人ひとり and 二人ふたり do not follow the pattern, and they are the two you will say most.

1 2 3 4 5
ひとり ふたり さんにん よにん ごにん

二人ふたりです。 — Two people. (walking into a restaurant — a complete sentence) 一人ひとりきました。 — I went alone.

四人よにん is よにん, not しにん — because しにん is a homophone of 死人しにん ("dead person"). Japanese avoids し in counting for exactly this reason, which is also why is usually よん.

Beyond the basics

The sound changes that actually trip you up

Counters starting with h- change sound after certain numbers. This is not decoration — いちほん is simply not a word.

ほん はい ひき
1 いっぽん いっぱい いっぴき
2 にほん にはい にひき
3 さんぼん さんばい さんびき
6 ろっぽん ろっぱい ろっぴき
8 はっぽん はっぱい はっぴき
10 じゅっぽん じゅっぱい じゅっぴき

The pattern is consistent: 1, 6, 8 and 10 double the consonant and go to p; 3 goes to b. Learn it once on ほん and it transfers to はい, ひき and ふん.

まい and have no sound changes at all, which is part of why they are good beginner counters: いちまい, にまい, さんまい, all regular.

The ones worth recognising

You do not need to produce these, but you will meet them constantly.

Counter For Example
さつ (さつ) Books ほん三冊さんさつ
だい (だい) Machines, cars, bikes くるま二台にだい
ひき (ひき) Small animals ねこ三匹さんびき
はい (はい) Also squid and octopus, oddly イカ二杯にはい
あし (そく) Pairs of footwear 靴下くつした二足にそく
けん (けん) Houses and shops 二軒にけん
はね (わ) Birds and rabbits とり二羽にわ

二軒にけん is worth knowing socially: it means "the second bar of the night," and 二軒にけんく? is one of the most common invitations in Japan.

かい and 〜ばん: times and order

Two more counters earn their place because they are not about objects at all.

かい (かい) counts occasions — how many times something happened.

日本にほん二回にかいきました。 — I've been to Japan twice. しゅう三回さんかいはしります。 — I run three times a week.

ばん (ばん) marks position in a sequence — your number in a queue, a platform, a ranking.

三番さんばんのホームです。 — It's platform three. 一番好いちばんすきな食べ物たべものなんですか。 — What's your favourite food? (literally "number-one liked")

一番いちばん is worth pulling out: attached to an adjective it means "most," and it is how Japanese forms the superlative. 一番いちばんやすい ("cheapest"), 一番近いちばんちかい ("nearest"). There is no separate superlative ending — comparison is handled entirely by these little words.

Asking "how many?"

Each counter has its own question word, built on なに.

何人なんにんですか。 — How many people? 何本なんぼんありますか。 — How many (bottles) are there? いくつですか。 — How many? (generic — and also "how old are you?")

いくつ is the question form of つ, so it inherits the same generic usefulness. Note the double meaning: おいくつですか asked of a person means "how old are you," politely.

makes it an ordinal

Add to turn "two" into "the second."

二本目にほんめのビール — the second beer 三回目さんかいめです。 — It's my third time. 一人目ひとりめ — the first person

三回目さんかいめ in particular is worth having: 日本にほん三回目さんかいめです ("this is my third time in Japan") is a sentence almost every visitor needs.

Age has its own counter, and one famous exception

さい (さい) counts years of age, and it behaves like the others — except for twenty.

二十歳はたち(はたち) — twenty years old. 三十歳さんじゅうさいです。 — I'm thirty. 何歳なんさいですか。 — How old are you?

はたち is a survival from the older number system, and it is the only age with its own word. It carries weight beyond arithmetic: twenty is the traditional age of adulthood in Japan, marked by a national coming-of-age ceremony, so 二十歳はたち turns up in conversation far more often than any other number of years.

You will also see さい written instead of さい — it is a simplified stand-in used on forms and in children's writing, and it means exactly the same thing.

Counting time: why 12時間じかん and 12にち are different shapes

Duration is where counters quietly break, because Japanese marks how long differently from which one:

Unit A point in time A length of time
Hour 12とき (twelve o'clock) 12時間じかん (twelve hours)
Day 12にち (the 12th) 12日間にちかん (twelve days)
Week だい2しゅう (week 2) 2週間しゅうかん (two weeks)
Month 2がつ (February) 2かがつ (two months)
Year 2026ねん (the year 2026) 2年間ねんかん (two years)

12時間じかんました。 — I slept for twelve hours. (polite; 時間じかん makes it a duration) 12日間にちかん旅行りょこうしました。 — I travelled for twelve days. (polite; あいだ makes it a duration)

Two traps live here. First, あいだ is what turns a date into a length — without it, 12にち is the twelfth of the month, not twelve days. Second, がつ is the odd one out: 2がつ is February, and two months is 2かがつ (also written 2ヶがつ or 2カがつ), never 2がつ. Saying 2月前げつまえ when you mean "two months ago" produces "before February", which is a real sentence and completely the wrong one.

時間じかん is doubly confusing because it is both the word for "time" and the counter for hours. 何時間なんじかん is "how many hours"; 何時なんじ is "what time".

How does it sound in anime?

Counters mostly appear in the ordinary places, but two patterns are worth listening for:

一人ひとり大丈夫だいじょうぶ — Are you okay on your own? もう一杯いっぱい — One more drink. 三人さんにんふん、おねがい。 — Three portions, please. (〜人分にんぶん — servings for that many people)

ふん (ぶん) after a counter means "worth of" or "a portion for": 二人分ふたりぶん ("enough for two"), 一日分いちにちぶん ("a day's worth"). It is quietly one of the most useful suffixes in the language.

Common mistakes

  • Using a bare number. ビールをください is not a sentence. It needs 二本にほん or ふたつ.
  • にんにん for one and two people. 一人ひとり is ひとり and 二人ふたり is ふたり. 三人さんにん onward is regular.
  • しにん for four people. It is よにん. Japanese avoids し in counting because of .
  • いちほん, いちはい. They become いっぽん and いっぱい. The 1/6/8/10 doubling is the pattern.
  • Putting the counter before the noun. 二本にほんのビール is stiff. Say ビールを二本にほん.
  • Panicking when you forget one. Use 〜つ up to ten, or 〜. Both are understood everywhere, and using the generic counter is far better than freezing.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: the same request, one specific counter and one generic.

1. Order two beers.

Show answer

ビールを二本にほんくださいほん is the counter for long thin things, including bottles. Word order: noun + を + number + counter.

2. You've forgotten ほん. Order two of them anyway.

Show answer

ビールをふたつください — つ works for almost anything up to ten. This is the pair to question 1: less precise, completely understood.

3. You walk into a restaurant with one other person. What do you say?

Show answer

二人ふたりです — ふたり, not ににん. A complete sentence on its own, and exactly what the staff are waiting for.

4. How do you say "four people," and why not しにん?

Show answer

よにん — し is avoided in counting because it sounds like . This is also why is usually よん rather than し.

5. Say "one bottle" out loud. What happens to the sound?

Show answer

いっぽん — 1, 6, 8 and 10 double the consonant and shift h to p. 3 shifts to b: さんぼん.

6. Buy two tickets.

Show answer

切符きっぷ二枚にまいねがいしますまい is for flat things: tickets, paper, plates, shirts. It has no sound changes at all.

7. Ask how many people there are.

Show answer

何人なんにんですか — question words are built on なに plus the counter: 何本なんぼん, 何枚なんまい, 何回なんかい. The generic one is いくつ.

8. Say "this is my third time."

Show answer

三回目さんかいめです turns a count into an ordinal. 日本にほん三回目さんかいめです is a sentence almost every visitor needs.

9. What does 二軒にけん mean, and why does it matter socially?

Show answer

The second bar of the nightけん counts buildings and shops. 二軒にけんく? is one of the most common invitations you will hear in Japan.

10. What does 二人分ふたりぶん mean?

Show answer

Enough for two peopleふん after a counter means "worth of" or "a portion for." 一日分いちにちぶん is a day's worth.

FAQ

Do I really have to learn all of them? No. Learn つ, ひと, ほん, まい, and はい properly, recognise さつ, だい and ひき, and use つ or for everything else. Native speakers occasionally hesitate over obscure counters themselves.

Is it rude to use the wrong counter? Not at all. It marks you as a learner, nothing more, and Japanese speakers will usually just repeat the sentence with the right one — which is a free lesson. Freezing is worse than guessing.

Why is squid counted with はい? Historically, because an octopus or squid was imagined as a vessel. It is genuinely irregular, and it is the standard example Japanese people give when asked about strange counters — along with rabbits taking はね, the bird counter.

What about very large numbers? The counters stay the same; only the number changes: 二十にじゅうほん (にじゅっぽん), 百枚ひゃくまい (ひゃくまい). The sound-change rules still apply to whatever the final digit does.

How do I ask someone's age politely? おいくつですか. It is literally "how many?", using the generic いくつ, and it is softer than 何歳なんさいですか. As with any age question, read the situation before asking.

Does the counter always come after the noun? In normal speech, yes: ビールを二本にほん. The alternative 二本にほんのビール exists but sounds written and formal. Stick with the noun-first order and you will always sound natural.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

一つ	ひとつ — one (thing)
二つ	ふたつ — two (things)
三つ	みっつ — three (things)
一人	ひとり — one person, alone
二人	ふたり — two people
四人	よにん — four people
一本	いっぽん — one (long thin thing)
三本	さんぼん — three (long thin things)
一枚	いちまい — one (flat thing)
一個	いっこ — one (small object)
一杯	いっぱい — one cupful
一冊	いっさつ — one book
一台	いちだい — one machine or vehicle
一匹	いっぴき — one small animal
二軒目	にけんめ — the second bar or shop
いくつ	いくつ — how many; how old
何人	なんにん — how many people
ビール	ビール — beer
切符	きっぷ — ticket
卵	たまご — egg
靴下	くつした — socks
鳥	とり — bird
猫	ねこ — cat
車	くるま — car

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners treat counters as a memorisation problem and they are really a confidence problem — the fix is knowing that 〜つ and 〜 will carry you through any shop in Japan, so you never have to stop mid-sentence.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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