LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Lesson notes · Sep 17, 2026

Japanese duration counters: 時間じかん, 日間にちかん, ヶがつ — and why 二月にがつ is not "two months

Japanese marks "how long" with a separate set of words from "when" — and the marker is usually あいだ. Miss it and 二月にがつ ("February") comes out where you meant 二ヶ月にかげつ ("two months").

This is the single most common misunderstanding in intermediate conversation that nobody flags, because both sentences are grammatical. Your listener does not correct you; they just quietly believe you went to China in February when you meant you were there for two months.

The basics

The core distinction

Almost every time unit in Japanese has two forms: one that names a point on the calendar or clock, and one that names a span.

Unit Point in time Duration
Hour 三時さんじ — three o'clock 三時さんじあいだ — three hours
Day of month 三日みっか — the 3rd 三日間みっかかん — three days
Month 三月さんがつ — March 三ヶ月さんかげつ — three months
Week 今週こんしゅう — this week 三週間さんしゅうかん — three weeks
Year 2026ねん — the year 2026 三年さんねんあいだ — three years
Minute 三分さんぷん — three past 三分間さんぷんかん — three minutes

The pattern is あいだ (かん), literally "interval." Attach it and the number stops pointing at the calendar and starts measuring.

三時さんじきます。 — I'll go at three o'clock. (polite) 三時さんじあいだかかります。 — It takes three hours. (polite)

The one that causes real trouble: がつ

がつ is the worst offender, because the duration form does not use あいだ at all — it uses ヶがつ (かげつ).

二月にがつ中国ちゅうごくきました。 — I went to China in February. (polite) 二ヶ月にかげつ中国ちゅうごくにいました。 — I was in China for two months. (polite)

Those are completely different statements and they differ by one small character. Also note the readings: 二月にがつ is にがつ, 二ヶ月にかげつ is にかげつ. The ヶ is not a katakana ケ — it is a small symbol used only in this counter and a handful of place names, and it is read か.

You will see 3ヶがつ, 3かがつ, 3カがつ and 3箇月かげつ in the wild. All the same word.

Which units need あいだ, and which are optional?

This is where learners over-apply the rule, so it is worth having straight:

Unit Duration form Is あいだ required?
びょう さんびょう / さん秒間びょうかん Optional
ふん 三分さんぷん / 三分間さんぷんかん Optional
とき さん時間じかん Required三時さんじ means three o'clock
にち 三日みっか / 三日間みっかかん Optional but clarifying
しゅう さん週間しゅうかん Requiredさんしゅう is not used alone
がつ さんがつ (ヶ月間げっかん also possible) Required, and あいだ is not the marker
ねん 三年さんねん / 三年さんねんあいだ Optional

So: とき and しゅう always take あいだ; がつ takes ヶがつ instead; everything else is optional, and adding あいだ just makes the "span" reading explicit.

With にち, adding あいだ is genuinely useful because 三日みっか is ambiguous between "the 3rd" and "three days." 三日間みっかかん can only mean the span.

Beyond the basics

The readings that break

Duration counters inherit all the irregular number readings, and a few extra.

  • 一日いちにち — ついたち (the 1st of the month) vs いちにち (one day). Same characters, and this one catches everyone.
  • 一月いちがつ — いちがつ (January) vs ひとつき (one month, an older reading you will still hear). For "one month" as a number, 一ヶ月いっかげつ (いっかげつ) is the safe form.
  • 四日よっか — よっか (not しにち). 八日ようか — ようか. 二十日はつか — はつか.
  • 四時よじあいだ — よじかん (not しじかん). 九時くじあいだ — くじかん.
  • 一ヶ月いっかげつ — いっかげつ, with the small っ. Likewise ろくがつ ろっかげつ, はちがつ はっかげつ, じゅうがつ じゅっかげつ.

The day-of-month readings up to ten are irregular in both roles, which is why days and dates is worth a separate pass.

Do duration phrases take a particle?

Usually none. A duration behaves like an adverb and sits bare in the sentence.

三日間みっかかん京都きょうとにいました。 — I was in Kyoto for three days. (polite — no particle after 三日間みっかかん) 二時間にじかんくらいちました。 — I waited about two hours. (polite)

Adding に here is a common mistake, because に marks a point, which is exactly what a duration is not. 三時さんじちました means you waited at three o'clock.

The exception is 〜に ("during, within"), which does take に and does mean something different:

夏休なつやすみのに、宿題しゅくだいわらせます。 — I'll finish my homework during the summer holiday. (polite — に marks a point inside the span)

Halves and approximations

一時間半いちじかんはんかかります。 — It takes an hour and a half. (polite — はん goes after the unit) 三ヶ月さんかげつはん日本にほんにいました。 — I was in Japan for three and a half months. (polite) 二週間にしゅうかんくらいです。 — It's about two weeks. (polite — くらい / ぐらい for approximation) やく三十さんじゅうふんです。 — Approximately thirty minutes. (polite — やく is written and formal)

くらい and ぐらい are interchangeable and both correct; ぐらい is slightly more common in speech. やく goes before the number, くらい goes after.

For building the question that these answer, see どれくらいかかりますか.

〜ぶり — "for the first time in X"

A duration plus ぶり says how long it had been since the last time. It is extremely common and rarely taught early.

三年さんねんぶりに日本にほんきます。 — I'm going to Japan for the first time in three years. (polite) ひさしぶりですね。 — Long time no see. (polite — literally "it's been a long interval")

ひさしぶり is the same construction with ひさしい ("long-lasting") instead of a number, which is a nice way to see that the greeting is not an idiom but a normal phrase.

〜おきに vs 〜ごとに

Both translate as "every," and they are not the same.

三日みっかごとにくすりみます。 — I take the medicine every three days. (polite — on day 3, 6, 9) 一日いちにちおきにくすりみます。 — I take the medicine every other day. (polite — with one day skipped between)

ごとに counts the interval inclusively; おきに counts the gap you leave. 一日いちにちおき is "every other day," not "every day."

Common mistakes

  • 二月にがつ for "two months." The most expensive error on this page. 二ヶ月にかげつ for the span; 二月にがつ is February.
  • 三時さんじ for "three hours." とき without あいだ is always a clock time. There is no shortcut here — 時間じかん is mandatory.
  • Adding に to a duration. 三日間みっかかん京都きょうとにいました is wrong. Durations take no particle.
  • Saying しじかん or しちじ carelessly. 四時よじあいだ is よじかん and 七時しちじ is しちじ; the irregular readings are not optional.
  • Assuming 一日いちにち is いちにち on a date. On a calendar it is ついたち. In "I waited one day" it is いちにち.
  • Treating 一日いちにちおき as "every day." It means every other day.

Quick reference

English Japanese Reading
3 seconds さん秒間びょうかん さんびょうかん
5 minutes 五分間ごふんかん ごふんかん
3 hours 三時さんじあいだ さんじかん
4 hours 四時よじあいだ よじかん
3 days 三日間みっかかん みっかかん
2 weeks 二週間にしゅうかん にしゅうかん
1 month 一ヶ月いっかげつ いっかげつ
6 months ろくがつ ろっかげつ
3 years 三年さんねんあいだ さんねんかん
an hour and a half 一時間半いちじかんはん いちじかんはん
about 2 weeks 二週間にしゅうかんぐらい にしゅうかんぐらい

FAQ

Is ヶ a katakana ケ? No. It is a small symbol derived from an abbreviation of , and it is read か in this counter. Writing 3かがつ or 3カがつ instead is completely normal.

Can I always just add あいだ to be safe? Almost. It is correct and natural for びょう, ふん, にち, しゅう, ねん and とき. It does not work for がつ — that unit uses ヶがつ, and while 三ヶ月さんかげつあいだ is possible, 三ヶ月さんかげつ is the ordinary form.

What is the difference between 三日みっか and 三日間みっかかん? 三日みっか is ambiguous: "the 3rd of the month" or "three days." 三日間みっかかん can only be the span. In speech, context usually settles it, but あいだ removes the doubt.

Why does 一日いちにち have two readings? ついたち comes from がつち ("the moon rises"), the old word for the first day of a lunar month, and it survived only in that calendar role. いちにち is the ordinary number-plus-counter reading used for duration.

How do I say "for the first time in a long while"? ひさしぶりに. The same pattern takes a number: 三年さんねんぶりに ("for the first time in three years"), 一週間いっしゅうかんぶりに ("for the first time in a week").

Do I need あいだ when the duration is the subject of the sentence? Yes, and more than usual, because the sentence loses the context that would otherwise disambiguate. 三時さんじあいだながいです ("three hours is long") needs あいだ; without it you have said "three o'clock is long."

Practice

Questions 1 and 2 are a pair. One character is the difference between a month and a season.

1. Say "I went to China in February," politely.

Show answer

二月にがつ中国ちゅうごくきました。二月にがつ (にがつ) is the calendar month, and a point in time takes に.

2. Say "I was in China for two months," politely.

Show answer

二ヶ月にかげつ中国ちゅうごくにいました。二ヶ月にかげつ (にかげつ) is the span, and a duration takes no particle at all.

3. Say "it takes three hours," politely.

Show answer

三時さんじあいだかかります。とき alone is a clock time, so あいだ is mandatory. 三時さんじかかります would say "it takes three o'clock."

4. Say "I was in Kyoto for three days," politely.

Show answer

三日間みっかかん京都きょうとにいました。三日みっか alone could be read as "the 3rd." あいだ forces the span reading, and no particle follows it.

5. Say "I waited about two hours," politely.

Show answer

二時間にじかんぐらいちました。 — ぐらい / くらい goes after the duration. やく would go before it: やく二時間にじかん.

6. Say "it takes an hour and a half," politely.

Show answer

一時間半いちじかんはんかかります。はん attaches after the whole counter, not between the number and the unit.

7. Read 四時よじあいだ and 一ヶ月いっかげつ aloud.

Show answer

よじかん and いっかげつ. Not しじかん or いちかげつ. The irregular readings are not optional.

8. Say "I'm going to Japan for the first time in three years," politely.

Show answer

三年さんねんぶりに日本にほんきます。 — 〜ぶりに measures the gap since the last time. ひさしぶり is the same pattern with no number.

9. You take the medicine on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Is that 一日いちにちおきに or 一日いちにちごとに?

Show answer

一日いちにちおきに — every other day. おきに counts the gap you skip; ごとに counts the interval inclusively, so 一日いちにちごとに means every single day.

10. Fix this: 三日間みっかかん京都きょうとにいました。

Show answer

三日間みっかかん京都きょうとにいました。 — Durations take no particle. に marks a point in time, which is exactly what a span is not.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

時間	じかん — hour(s), time
週間	しゅうかん — week(s)
ヶ月	かげつ — month(s), duration
年間	ねんかん — year(s)
分間	ふんかん — minute(s)
秒	びょう — second
半	はん — half
約	やく — approximately
ぐらい	ぐらい — about, roughly
かかる	かかる — to take (time), to cost
久しぶり	ひさしぶり — for the first time in a while
一日	ついたち — the first of the month
一日	いちにち — one day
待つ	まつ — to wait
薬	くすり — medicine
夏休み	なつやすみ — summer holiday

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The 二月にがつ / 二ヶ月にかげつ mix-up is the one that goes uncorrected longest, because both sentences are perfectly grammatical — the listener simply believes a different story and never asks.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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