LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 15, 2026

Japanese colours: why あかい is an adjective and みどり is not, and why the traffic light is blue

Japanese has exactly four colours that work as い-adjectives — あかい, あおい, しろい, くろい — plus 黄色きいろい and 茶色ちゃいろい, which are built from nouns. Every other colour is a noun and needs の in front of another noun. Getting this split wrong is the most common colour mistake there is.

There is also a second, more interesting thing going on: あお covers a range English splits into blue and green, which is why a Japanese traffic light is described as あお while looking green to you.

The basics

The adjective colours

Colour Adjective form Noun form
Red あかい (あかい) あか (あか)
Blue あおい (あおい) あお (あお)
White しろい (しろい) しろ (しろ)
Black くろい (くろい) くろ (くろ)
Yellow 黄色きいろい (きいろい) 黄色きいろ (きいろ)
Brown 茶色ちゃいろい (ちゃいろい) 茶色ちゃいろ (ちゃいろ)

あかいりんご。 — A red apple. (adjective directly before the noun) しろいシャツをています。 — I'm wearing a white shirt. (polite)

These conjugate like any い-adjective: あかくない (not red), あかかった (was red), あかくて (red and...).

The noun colours

Everything else is a noun, so you attach it with の:

Colour Japanese
Green みどり (みどり)
Purple むらさき (むらさき)
Pink ピンク
Orange オレンジ
Grey 灰色はいいろ (はいいろ) / グレー
Gold 金色きんいろ (きんいろ)
Silver 銀色ぎんいろ (ぎんいろ)
Navy こん (こん)

みどりのシャツ。 — A green shirt. (noun + の + noun) ピンクのかさいました。 — I bought a pink umbrella. (polite)

みどりいシャツ is not a word. If you can only remember one rule: if it isn't red, blue, white, black, yellow or brown, it needs の.

How do you say "it is red"?

Two forms, and both are used:

このりんごはあかいです。 — This apple is red. (adjective + です) このシャツはみどりです。 — This shirt is green. (noun + です, no の needed here)

の appears only when the colour is modifying another noun. As a predicate at the end of a sentence, the noun colours take です directly.

Beyond the basics

Why is the traffic light あお?

Because old Japanese had a smaller colour vocabulary: あお historically covered a broad band including what English now calls green. みどり existed, but as a shade rather than as a top-level category.

That older sense survives in a set of fixed expressions where あお attaches to things that are visibly green:

  • 青信号あおしんごう (あおしんごう) — a green traffic light.
  • 青葉あおば (あおば) — fresh green leaves.
  • あおりんご — a green apple.
  • 青野あおの (あおやさい) — green vegetables.

None of these is an error or a quirk of eyesight. They are older uses of あお preserved in vocabulary, the way "blackboard" survives in English for something that is usually green.

あお also means young and inexperienced

青二才あおにさい (あおにさい) is a dismissive word for a green, inexperienced person, and 青春せいしゅん (せいしゅん) — literally "blue spring" — means youth, the school years, the whole genre of nostalgic coming-of-age stories.

青春時代せいしゅんじだい思い出おもいだす。 — It reminds me of my youth. (青春せいしゅん = the years everyone gets nostalgic about)

If you watch anime, 青春せいしゅん is one of the highest-value words on this page: it names a whole category of series.

白黒しろくろ and the colour idioms

Colours carry the same kind of figurative weight they do in English, but not always in the same direction:

Expression Literally Meaning
白黒しろくろつける make it black and white Settle a matter definitively
真っ赤まっかうそ a bright red lie A blatant lie
かおあお one's face is blue Looking pale, unwell
腹黒はらぐろ black-bellied Scheming, malicious
あか他人たにん a red stranger A complete stranger

まことっ + colour is a useful intensifier pattern: 真っ白まっしろ (pure white), 真っ黒まっくろ (pitch black), 真っ赤まっか (bright red), 真っ青まっさお (deep blue / pale with shock).

かお真っ青まっさおだよ。大丈夫だいじょうぶ — You've gone completely pale. Are you okay? (casual)

Talking about colour in a shop

ほかいろはありますか。 — Do you have other colours? (polite; the sentence to have ready) もうすこあかるいいろがいいです。 — I'd like a slightly brighter colour. (polite)

あかるい (bright / light) and くらい (dark) do the shade work. い (dark, deep) and うすい (pale, light) also apply to colour, the same way they apply to flavour.

いろ itself

いろ (いろ) means colour, and it appears inside several colour names (黄色きいろ, 茶色ちゃいろ, 灰色はいいろ, 金色きんいろ). It also shows up in 色々いろいろ (いろいろ, "various") — literally "colours colours", which is a nice illustration of how reduplication works in Japanese.

Common mistakes

  • Saying みどりい or ピンクい. Only red, blue, white, black, yellow and brown have adjective forms.
  • Forgetting の before a noun. みどりのシャツ, not みどりシャツ.
  • Adding の at the end of a sentence. このシャツはみどりです, not みどりのです.
  • Assuming あお always means blue. In fixed expressions it covers green.
  • Using 黄色きいろ as a direct modifier without help. 黄色きいろはな (adjective) or 黄色きいろはな (noun + の) both work; 黄色きいろはな does not.
  • Translating 青春せいしゅん as "blue spring". It means youth, and it is a genre label as much as a word.

Practice

Say each answer out loud first. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: two colours, two different grammars.

1. Say "a red apple".

Show answer

あかいりんごあかい is an い-adjective and attaches directly.

2. Say "a green shirt".

Show answer

みどりのシャツみどり is a noun, so it needs の. みどりい is not a word.

3. Say "this shirt is green."

Show answer

このシャツはみどりです — at the end of a sentence the noun takes です directly, with no の.

4. Why is a green traffic light called 青信号あおしんごう?

Show answer

あお historically covered a band including green — the older sense survives in fixed expressions like 青葉あおば and あおりんご.

5. What does 青春せいしゅん mean?

Show answer

Youth — the school years — literally "blue spring", and the name of an entire genre of anime and drama.

6. Make あかい negative and past.

Show answer

あかくない / あかかった — it conjugates like any other い-adjective.

7. What does 真っ青まっさお mean when describing someone's face?

Show answer

Pale, drained of colourまことっ + colour is an intensifier: 真っ白まっしろ, 真っ黒まっくろ, 真っ赤まっか, 真っ青まっさお.

8. Ask a shop assistant if they have other colours.

Show answer

ほかいろはありますか — worth memorising as a set phrase.

9. What does あか他人たにん mean?

Show answer

A complete strangerあか here works as an intensifier meaning "utterly", not as a colour.

10. Which six colours have adjective forms?

Show answer

あかい, あおい, しろい, くろい, 黄色きいろい, 茶色ちゃいろ — everything else is a noun and needs の.

FAQ

Why do only some colours have adjective forms? Because those are the oldest colour words in the language — the ones that existed before Japanese borrowed and coined the rest. Newer colour words entered as nouns and stayed that way.

Can I say 緑色りょくしょくの instead of みどりの? Yes. 緑色りょくしょく ("green colour") is common and sounds slightly more explicit. The same works for several colours: 青色あおいろの, 赤色せきしょくの.

Is it wrong to say あお for green? Not in the fixed expressions — 青信号あおしんごう is the standard word. In free description, use みどり for green and あお for blue.

How do I describe a light or dark shade? あかるい / くらい for brightness, い / うすい for depth. うすいピンク is pale pink; あお is deep blue.

What about hair and eye colour? かみいろ and いろ. Common answers: くろ (black), 茶色ちゃいろ (brown), 金髪きんぱつ (きんぱつ, blonde — literally "gold hair"). 金髪きんぱつ is the word, not 金色きんいろかみ.

Why is 色々いろいろ written with the colour kanji? It literally reads "colours colours" and means "various". Reduplication marking variety or intensity is a recurring pattern in Japanese, and this is one of the most common examples.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

色	いろ — colour
赤い	あかい — red
青い	あおい — blue
白い	しろい — white
黒い	くろい — black
黄色	きいろ — yellow
茶色	ちゃいろ — brown
緑	みどり — green
紫	むらさき — purple
灰色	はいいろ — grey
金色	きんいろ — gold
紺	こん — navy blue
青信号	あおしんごう — green traffic light
青春	せいしゅん — youth, the school years
真っ白	まっしろ — pure white
明るい	あかるい — bright, light
暗い	くらい — dark
色々	いろいろ — various

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Colours look like week-one vocabulary and then quietly test whether the adjective-versus-noun distinction has actually landed — which is why みどりいシャツ is a mistake I still hear from people well past N4.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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