LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

く vs る: why "I''m coming!" is いまきます in Japanese

る means moving toward where *the speaker* is. English "come" can mean moving toward the listener, which is why いまきます — literally "I'm going now" — is the correct answer when someone calls you. Saying 今来こんらいます means someone else is on their way to you.

This is a small vocabulary pair that behaves like grammar, because it forces you to keep track of whose position the sentence is anchored to. Once you notice it, you start hearing it everywhere.

The basics

The anchor is the speaker

Verb Direction Anchor
Away from where I am The speaker
Toward where I am The speaker
かえ Back to where I belong Home base

明日あした、そちらにきます。 — I'll come over to your place tomorrow. (polite — Japanese says "go," because you are moving away from where you are now) 友達ともだちがうちにます。 — A friend is coming to my place. (polite — toward me)

English lets you borrow the listener's viewpoint: "I'll come to you." Japanese does not. The verb is chosen from where the speaker physically is at the moment of speaking.

Answering when someone calls you

いまきます! — Coming! (polite — you are moving away from your current spot)

This is the single most useful application, and the most commonly botched. If you shout 今来こんらいます, you have announced that someone is arriving.

かえる is not

かえる means returning to your own base — home, your country, your hometown. It is not interchangeable with く.

いえかえります。 — I'm going home. (polite — かえる, because home is your base)

Saying いえきます sounds like you are visiting a house that is not yours. Similarly, くにかえる is "return to my country"; くにく would be visiting someone else's.

Beyond the basics

〜ていく and 〜てくる: direction attached to any verb

Attach いく or くる to the te-form and the whole action gains a direction:

かさっていきます。 — I'll take an umbrella (with me). (polite — away from here) かさってきます。 — I'll bring an umbrella (back here). (polite — toward here)

Same verb, opposite logistics. っていく / ってくる is the pair learners need first, followed by れていく / れてくる ("take someone" / "bring someone").

どもをれてきてもいいですか。 — May I bring my child? (polite — toward the listener's location, because that is where you will both be)

The other 〜てくる: change over time

てくる also marks a change that has moved toward the present:

だんだんさむくなってきました。 — It's been getting colder. (polite — the change arrived at now) 日本語にほんごかるようになってきました。 — I've been starting to understand Japanese. (polite — progress up to now)

And ていく points the change into the future:

これからもえていくでしょう。 — It will probably keep increasing. (polite — the change heads away from now)

This is the same directional logic applied to time instead of space, and it is one of the most elegant things in the language once you see it.

Where does the speaker "stand" in writing?

In letters and messages you can project yourself to the reader's location, and then く flips:

来週らいしゅうそちらにきます。 — I'll come to you next week. (polite — still く, because you are writing from here)

If you have mentally placed yourself at the destination — for instance, describing a scene in a story set there — る becomes possible. In ordinary messages, stick with く.

〜てきて and 〜ていって as requests

ちょっとってきて。 — Go buy it and come back. (casual — the whole errand in three words)

ってきて packs "go, buy, return" into one verb chain. This compactness is why てくる is so common in daily speech, and why translating it word by word never quite works.

The giving verbs work the same way

く/る is one of several Japanese pairs anchored on the speaker. あげる, くれる and もらう are the other big one: くれる means giving toward me, exactly as る means moving toward me. If one of these pairs has clicked for you, the other should feel familiar.

Common mistakes

  • 今来こんらいます when someone calls you. It has to be いまきます.
  • いえきます for going home. Use いえかえります.
  • ってくる vs っていく mixed up. Ask yourself where the object ends up: here, or there?
  • 来週らいしゅうます in a message to someone abroad. From your desk, you are going: きます.
  • Reading every てくる as physical movement. さむくなってきた is about time, not travel.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 3 and 4 are a pair: the same umbrella, opposite directions.

1. Someone calls your name from another room. Answer.

Show answer

いまきます — you are moving away from where you are, so く. ます would mean someone else is arriving.

2. Something is wrong here: つかれたので、いえきます。

Show answer

いえかえりますかえる is returning to your own base. いえく sounds like visiting someone else's house.

3. Say "I'll take an umbrella with me."

Show answer

かさっていきます — the umbrella leaves with you, away from here.

4. Say "I'll bring an umbrella back here."

Show answer

かさってきます — the umbrella ends up here. This is the pair to question 3: same verb, opposite logistics.

5. Ask politely whether you may bring your child to someone's event.

Show answer

どもをれてきてもいいですかれてくる, because you are asking from the perspective of the place you will both be.

6. Say "it's been getting colder."

Show answer

だんだんさむくなってきました — てくる for a change that arrived at the present. No physical movement involved.

7. Say "it will probably keep increasing."

Show answer

これからもえていくでしょう — ていく points the change away from now, into the future.

8. You are writing to a friend overseas about next week's visit. きます or ます?

Show answer

来週らいしゅうそちらにきます — you are writing from where you are, so you are going.

9. Send someone on a quick errand, casually.

Show answer

ちょっとってきて — "go, buy, come back," all in one verb chain. This compactness is why てくる is everywhere in speech.

10. How is くれる like る?

Show answer

Both point toward the speaker — くれる is giving toward me, る is moving toward me. Japanese anchors several verb pairs on the speaker's position.

FAQ

What about ってきます and いってらっしゃい? ってきます ("I'll go and come back") is what you say leaving the house; いってらっしゃい is the reply. The てくる is doing real work — it promises a return.

Is る irregular? Yes, one of only two irregular verbs: る → ます → た → ない, read き, き, き, こ. The kanji stays the same while the reading changes, which is worth drilling.

Can I use る about the future arriving? Yes: はるる ("spring is coming"), 時間じかんた ("the time has come"). Time moves toward you.

What is ってくる? "I'll go and come back" — the casual version of ってきます, and also used for short trips: ちょっとってくる.

Does かえる work for going back to a hotel? Yes, if you are staying there — it is your base for the trip. ホテルにかえります is natural.

Why is る sometimes written in kana? Mostly in casual writing, and in compounds like やってくる. The kanji is standard otherwise.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

行く	いく — to go
来る	くる — to come
帰る	かえる — to return, to go home
明日	あした — tomorrow
友達	ともだち — friend
家	いえ — house, home
国	くに — country
傘	かさ — umbrella
持つ	もつ — to hold, to carry
連れる	つれる — to take (a person) along
子ども	こども — child
寒い	さむい — cold
増える	ふえる — to increase
来週	らいしゅう — next week
買う	かう — to buy
疲れる	つかれる — to get tired
分かる	わかる — to understand
春	はる — spring
時間	じかん — time

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. った and た get sorted out late, usually because both keep producing sentences that are understood. The moment it clicks is normally when someone calls the learner's name and they shout 今来こんらいます by reflex.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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