LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Talking to real people · Sep 15, 2026

How to say sorry in Japanese: すみません, ごめん, 申し訳もうしわけありません and when each one fits

すみません is the apology you will use most, but it is one rung on a ladder: ごめん below it for friends, 申し訳もうしわけありません above it for real trouble, and 失礼しつれいします beside it for interrupting. Picking the wrong rung is much more noticeable than making a grammar mistake.

Apologising in Japanese is also doing a different job than in English. すみません is not primarily an admission of fault — it acknowledges that you have caused someone effort, which is why it works for bumping into a stranger, for getting a waiter's attention, and for being handed something.

The basics

The ladder

Phrase Reading Use it for
ごめん ごめん Friends, family. Casual, small things.
ごめんなさい ごめんなさい Casual but sincere; a child to a parent, a real apology to a friend.
すみません すみません The everyday default. Strangers, staff, minor trouble.
失礼しつれいします しつれいします Interrupting, entering, leaving. Not fault — just intrusion.
申し訳もうしわけありません もうしわけありません Work, real inconvenience. Formal.
申し訳もうしわけございません もうしわけございません The most formal. Service staff, serious apologies.

すみません、おくれました。 — Sorry, I'm late. (polite, everyday) ごめん、わすれてた。 — Sorry, I forgot. (casual, to a friend) 申し訳もうしわけありません、わたしのミスです。 — I'm very sorry, it's my mistake. (formal, work)

If you learn only one, learn すみません. It is correct with anyone you are not close to, and the worst it can be is slightly too casual in a genuinely serious situation.

Why does すみません also mean "thank you"?

Because it acknowledges that the other person went to trouble for you — and in Japanese that acknowledgement can be gratitude or apology depending on context. When someone holds a door, picks up something you dropped, or brings you a menu, すみません means something close to "sorry to trouble you, and thanks".

すみません、ありがとうございます。 — Thank you (sorry for the trouble). (polite; both at once is extremely common)

Using すみません where English would use "thank you" is not a mistake — it is one of the most natural-sounding things a learner can do.

And it means "excuse me"

The third job: getting attention. すみません is how you call a waiter, stop a passer-by, or start a question.

すみません、おみずをおねがいします。 — Excuse me, could I have some water? (polite, restaurant)

Three functions, one word. This is why it is the single most useful word in the language, ahead of こんにちは.

Beyond the basics

What is 失礼しつれいします actually for?

Not fault — intrusion. It marks that you are crossing into someone's space or time: entering a room, leaving before others, taking a phone call, ending a conversation.

失礼しつれいします。 — Excuse me. (said on entering a room, and again on leaving) さき失礼しつれいします。 — Excuse me for leaving first. (polite — the standard phrase for leaving work before your colleagues) 失礼しつれいしました。 — Sorry about that. (past tense — after the intrusion has happened)

さき失礼しつれいします is worth memorising exactly as it is. In a Japanese workplace, leaving without saying it is more noticeable than leaving early.

申し訳もうしわけありません vs すみません

The difference is weight, not politeness level alone. すみません handles friction; 申し訳もうしわけありません handles harm. Using 申し訳もうしわけございません because you bumped someone on a train sounds theatrical; using すみません because you lost a client's document sounds careless.

迷惑めいわくをおかけして、申し訳もうしわけございません。 — I'm very sorry for the trouble I've caused. (formal; the set phrase for a real apology)

迷惑めいわくをおかけして ("having caused you trouble") is the standard opener for a serious apology, and it names the actual issue: 迷惑めいわく (めいわく) — inconvenience caused to others — which is the concept the whole system is organised around. 申し訳もうしわけございません is also the form you will hear all day from shop and station staff, alongside the rest of service keigo.

How does apologising work differently from English?

Three differences that matter more than vocabulary:

  1. It is not an admission of liability. In English, "I'm sorry" can feel like accepting blame. In Japanese, apologising first is normal even when responsibility is shared or unclear — it is how you signal that the relationship matters more than the fault.
  2. It comes before the explanation, not after. English tends to explain and then apologise. Japanese apologises and then explains, if at all.
  3. It is often repeated. One apology can sound thin. In a real apology, the phrase appears at the start, in the middle, and at the end.

What about 大丈夫だいじょうぶです as a response?

When someone apologises to you, the standard replies are short:

大丈夫だいじょうぶです。 — It's fine. (polite) いえいえ。 — Not at all. (polite, warm — often with a small hand wave) にしないでください。 — Please don't worry about it. (polite)

大丈夫だいじょうぶです is the safest. Note it also means "no thank you" when someone offers you something, which is worth knowing before a convenience store asks if you want a bag.

The casual end: わるい and ごめんね

Among friends, apologies get very short:

わるい、った? — Sorry, did you wait? (casual, mostly male) ごめんね。 — Sorry. (casual, softened with ね)

わるい (わるい) literally means "bad" and functions as a casual "my bad". It is close-range language, not something to use upward — the same register logic as plain vs polite forms.

Bowing

The apology and the bow are one gesture. You do not need to calibrate the angle — you need to actually do it, and to keep your hands at your sides rather than pressed together. A small nod goes with すみません; a deeper, slower bow goes with 申し訳もうしわけございません. A bow that ends before the sentence does reads as insincere, so let the sentence finish first.

Common mistakes

  • Using ごめん with a stranger or someone senior. It is friends-and-family language. すみません is the public version.
  • Reaching for 申し訳もうしわけございません for small things. It is for real inconvenience; overusing it sounds performative.
  • Translating すみません as only "sorry". It is also "thank you" and "excuse me", and the thank-you use is very common.
  • Explaining before apologising. In Japanese the apology comes first; the explanation is optional and second.
  • Apologising once and moving on. For anything serious, repetition is part of the form.
  • Saying 失礼しつれいします when you mean you did something wrong. 失礼しつれい is about intrusion, not fault.

Practice

Say each answer out loud first. Questions 3 and 4 are a pair: same word, two different jobs.

1. You are late to meet a colleague. What do you say?

Show answer

すみません、おくれました — the everyday default. 申し訳もうしわけありません if it caused real disruption.

2. You forgot to reply to a friend's message. What do you say?

Show answer

ごめん、わすれてた — casual register with a friend. すみません would sound oddly distant.

3. Someone picks up something you dropped. What do you say?

Show answer

すみません — here it means "thank you, sorry for the trouble". Adding ありがとうございます is even better.

4. You want to order water in a restaurant. What do you say?

Show answer

すみません、おみずをおねがいします — the same word, now doing "excuse me". Three jobs, one word.

5. You are leaving the office before your colleagues. What do you say?

Show answer

さき失礼しつれいします — a fixed phrase. Not apologising for a fault; marking that you are leaving first.

6. You made a real mistake at work that affected a client. What do you say?

Show answer

迷惑めいわくをおかけして、申し訳もうしわけございません — the formal apology, naming the trouble caused. すみません is too light here.

7. Someone apologises to you for something minor. What do you reply?

Show answer

大丈夫だいじょうぶです — or いえいえ / にしないでください. Short replies are the norm.

8. What does 迷惑めいわく mean, and why does it matter here?

Show answer

Inconvenience caused to others — it is the concept Japanese apologies are organised around, which is why apologies cover trouble caused rather than only fault.

9. Your friend says わるい、った? What register is that?

Show answer

Casual, close-rangeわるい literally means "bad" and works like "my bad". Not for use upward.

10. In what order do you apologise and explain?

Show answer

Apologise first, explain second (if at all) — the English habit of explaining first reads as excusing yourself.

FAQ

Is すみません enough for almost everything? Yes, for a visitor. It covers apology, gratitude and getting attention, and it is correct with anyone you are not close friends with. Add 申し訳もうしわけありません only when something has actually gone wrong.

What is the difference between ごめん and ごめんなさい? ごめん is shorter and lighter; ごめんなさい is the full form and sounds more sincere. Both are casual — neither belongs in a work email.

Do Japanese people really apologise that much? They use apology forms often, but many of those uses are not apologies in the English sense — they are acknowledgements of trouble caused or thanks. Counting them as apologies overstates it considerably.

Is it bad to apologise if it wasn't my fault? No. Apologising early is normal and does not assign blame the way it can in English. It signals that you care about the relationship and the other person's inconvenience.

How low should I bow? For everyday すみません, a nod. For a formal apology, a slow bow from the waist held for a beat. Far more important: finish the sentence before you straighten up.

What do I say when someone thanks me? どういたしまして exists but is less common than textbooks suggest. いえいえ, とんでもないです, or a simple はい with a nod are all more natural in everyday situations.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

すみません	すみません — sorry; thank you; excuse me
ごめん	ごめん — sorry (casual)
ごめんなさい	ごめんなさい — sorry (casual, sincere)
申し訳ありません	もうしわけありません — I'm very sorry (formal)
失礼します	しつれいします — excuse me (entering, leaving)
迷惑	めいわく — trouble caused to others
謝る	あやまる — to apologise
遅れる	おくれる — to be late
大丈夫	だいじょうぶ — fine, okay
気にする	きにする — to worry about, mind
悪い	わるい — bad; "my bad" (casual)
忘れる	わすれる — to forget
間違い	まちがい — mistake
お先に	おさきに — ahead of you, before you
恐れ入ります	おそれいります — I'm much obliged (formal)
とんでもない	とんでもない — not at all
水	みず — water
仕事	しごと — work

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. すみません is the first word I give students and the last one they stop finding new uses for — most people are still discovering situations it covers a year in.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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