LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 17, 2026

How to say "or" in Japanese: か, それとも, または and the one that is not "or" at all

There is no single Japanese word for "or." Use か between nouns (コーヒーか紅茶こうちゃ), それとも between two whole questions (きますか、それともきませんか), and または in writing. The word that catches learners out is それと — it looks like それとも but means "and."

English gets away with one word doing every job. Japanese splits that job across at least four words, and picking the wrong one usually does not produce a sentence that is merely awkward — it produces a sentence that means something else.

The basics

か: the everyday "or" between nouns

か goes between the two options, directly, with no particles in between. This is the version you will use most.

コーヒーか紅茶こうちゃをください。 — Coffee or tea, please. (polite, at a café) 土曜日どようび日曜日にちようびきましょう。 — Let's go on Saturday or Sunday. (polite, making plans)

Note where the particle goes: it lands after the whole か group, not after each item. コーヒーか紅茶こうちゃください, not コーヒー紅茶こうちゃください. The か bundle behaves like a single noun.

You can also put か after both items — コーヒーか紅茶こうちゃか — which makes the list feel slightly more open-ended, as though there might be a third option you have not named.

それとも: "or" between two complete questions

When you are offering someone a choice between two full alternatives and you want them to pick one, それとも goes between the two questions.

きますか、それともきませんか。 — Are you going, or not? (polite, forcing a decision) みますか、それともやめておきますか。 — Will you drink, or will you pass? (polite, offering a real choice)

The giveaway is that それとも needs a question on both sides. If you are not asking, it does not belong. This is why いぬそれともねこきです is wrong — there is no question there, so it should be いぬねこきです.

または: the written one

または is the "or" of forms, signs, manuals and contracts. It is not wrong in speech, but it sounds like you are reading aloud from a document.

ペンまたは鉛筆えんぴついてください。 — Please write with a pen or a pencil. (formal, written instructions)

If you are filling out a Japanese form or reading a sign, this is the word you will see. If you are talking to a friend, use か.

Beyond the basics

それと is not それとも

This is the pair that causes real damage, because they differ by one syllable and mean opposite things.

  • それとも — or (offering an alternative)
  • それと — and (adding one more item)

コーヒー、それとコーヒーゼリーもください。 — Coffee, and also coffee jelly, please. (polite, adding to an order) コーヒーですか、それとも紅茶こうちゃですか。 — Coffee, or tea? (polite, asking which one)

Say the wrong one at a counter and you will either get two drinks you did not want or be asked to choose between things you wanted both of. When in doubt, ask yourself whether you are adding or choosing. Adding is それと; choosing is それとも.

あるいは and もしくは: the formal shelves

Both mean "or," both are more formal than か, and both are more common in writing than in speech.

  • あるいは — slightly literary, common in essays and analysis
  • もしくは — legal and administrative register, often paired with または in documents to mark nested choices

電話でんわ、あるいはメールでご連絡れんらくください。 — Please contact us by phone or email. (formal, business)

As a learner you need to recognize these, not produce them. か and それとも will carry you through every conversation you actually have.

〜とか: "or something like that"

〜とか attaches to each item and makes the whole list feel like examples rather than a closed set. English handles this with "or something."

ちゃとかコーヒーとか、なにむ? — Tea, coffee, something like that — want a drink? (casual, friends) 土曜どようとか、どう? — Saturday or something, how about it? (casual, floating an idea)

This is close cousin to 〜たり〜たり, which does the same "and other things like that" job for verbs. とか is enormously common in casual speech and softens a suggestion by implying you are not fixed on the specific thing you named.

〜か〜か: when both options are verbs or clauses

For a choice between two actions, put か after each plain-form clause.

くかかないか、まだめていません。 — I haven't decided yet whether I'll go or not. (polite, reporting indecision)

This shape is also how Japanese expresses embedded "whether": 〜かどうか. くかどうかかりません means "I don't know whether I'm going." The どうか is a stand-in for the unstated negative half.

The "or" that appears in negative questions

When someone asks きませんか, they are not asking "or not." That is an invitation — "won't you come?" — and the polite answer is usually not a flat yes or no. Mixing this up with the それとも construction is common, because both involve a negative verb in a question.

一緒いっしょきませんか。 — Won't you come along? (polite invitation) きますか、きませんか。 — Are you coming or not? (polite, but blunt — this really is a choice)

The first is warm; the second is the kind of thing a doctor's receptionist says when a queue is forming behind you. See ましょう and ませんか for the full invitation ladder.

Common mistakes

  • Using そして or それから for "or." Both mean "and then." そして紅茶こうちゃ does not offer tea as an alternative; it adds tea to what came before.
  • Repeating the particle inside a か group. コーヒーをか紅茶こうちゃを is wrong. The particle goes once, at the end: コーヒーか紅茶こうちゃを.
  • Using それとも with statements. それとも requires a question on both sides. In a statement, use か.
  • Saying それと when you mean それとも. The one-syllable difference flips "and" into "or." This is the single most consequential error on this page.
  • Using または in casual speech. It is grammatical, but it sounds like a printed form is talking.
  • Assuming か always means "or." Sentence-final か is the question marker — きますか is "are you going?", not "going or…". Position decides the job.

Which "or" do I use?

Situation Word Example
Between two nouns, speaking コーヒーか紅茶こうちゃ
Between two full questions それとも きますか、それともきませんか
In writing, forms, signs または ペンまたは鉛筆えんぴつ
Formal speech or essays あるいは / もしくは 電話でんわあるいはメール
Casual, "or something like that" 〜とか ちゃとかコーヒーとか
Between two verb clauses 〜か〜か くかかないか
Adding, not choosing それと コーヒー、それとケーキ

Practice

Questions 4 and 5 are the pair to get right — one syllable separates them, and the meaning flips.

1. Order coffee or tea, politely.

Show answer

コーヒーか紅茶こうちゃをください。 — か goes between the nouns, and を goes once, after the whole group.

2. Say "let's go on Saturday or Sunday."

Show answer

土曜日どようび日曜日にちようびきましょう。 — Again, に attaches after the か group, not to each day.

3. Ask politely: "are you going, or not?"

Show answer

きますか、それともきませんか。 — それとも needs a complete question on both sides.

4. At a café: "coffee, and also cake, please."

Show answer

コーヒー、それとケーキもください。 — それと adds. If you said それとも here you would be asking the staff to choose for you.

5. At a café: "coffee, or tea?"

Show answer

コーヒーですか、それとも紅茶こうちゃですか。 — それとも offers a choice. Same café, one syllable of difference.

6. Write a form instruction: "please write in pen or pencil."

Show answer

ペンまたは鉛筆えんぴついてください。 — または is the written register. In speech you would say ペンか鉛筆えんぴつ.

7. Say casually: "tea, coffee, something like that — want a drink?"

Show answer

ちゃとかコーヒーとか、なにむ? — とか attaches to each item and keeps the list open.

8. Say: "I haven't decided whether I'm going or not."

Show answer

くかかないか、まだめていません。 — か after each plain-form clause. くかどうか also works.

9. Fix this sentence: いぬそれともねこきです。

Show answer

いぬねこきです。 — There is no question here, so それとも cannot be used. Between nouns in a statement, use か.

10. Fix this sentence: コーヒーをか紅茶こうちゃをください。

Show answer

コーヒーか紅茶こうちゃをください。 — The か group takes one particle, at the end. It behaves like a single noun.

FAQ

Is それとも ever used without a question? Rarely, and it sounds incomplete. If you find it in a statement, the question is usually implied by context — someone trailing off with 〜それとも… is inviting you to supply the other half.

Can I use か between three or more nouns? Yes: コーヒーか紅茶こうちゃかジュース. With three or more, putting か after every item including the last (…かジュースか) reads as a slightly more casual, open list.

What is the difference between 〜かどうか and 〜か〜ないか? They mean the same thing. 〜かどうか is shorter and more common; 〜か〜ないか spells out both halves and therefore feels a little more deliberate, often used when the choice itself is the point.

Does 〜とか always mean "or"? Not exactly. It means "things like X," which covers both "and" and "or" depending on context. おちゃとかコーヒーとかみました means you drank several of them; おちゃとかコーヒーとかむ? offers a choice. The listener decides from context.

Why does か mean both "or" and the question marker? They are the same particle doing the same underlying job: marking uncertainty. A question is uncertainty about the whole sentence; か between nouns is uncertainty about which noun. Seeing it that way makes both uses feel like one rule instead of two.

Is もしくは worth learning? Only for reading. It appears in contracts and official notices, often nested inside a または clause to mark a sub-choice. You will never need to say it.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

それとも	それとも — or (between two questions)
それと	それと — and, also
または	または — or (written)
あるいは	あるいは — or (formal, literary)
もしくは	もしくは — or (legal, administrative)
紅茶	こうちゃ — black tea
お茶	おちゃ — tea, green tea
鉛筆	えんぴつ — pencil
土曜日	どようび — Saturday
日曜日	にちようび — Sunday
決める	きめる — to decide
連絡	れんらく — contact, getting in touch
一緒に	いっしょに — together
犬	いぬ — dog
猫	ねこ — cat
書く	かく — to write
飲む	のむ — to drink
そして	そして — and then

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. それと and それとも is the mix-up I correct most often in ordering practice — students who have the grammar perfectly clear still reach for the wrong one under time pressure at an imaginary counter.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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