LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 15, 2026

How to say "both" in Japanese: 両方りょうほう, どちらも, 〜とも and the one that flips to "neither

Japanese has no single word for "both". 両方りょうほう is a noun meaning "the two of them", どちらも covers "both" and — with a negative verb — "neither", 〜とも attaches to a counted number of people, and 〜も〜も links two things inside one sentence. Which one you need depends on what you are counting and where it sits in the sentence.

This is a small topic that produces a disproportionate number of stalled conversations, because the English sentence "both are annoying" has at least three natural Japanese translations and a learner who knows only one of them tends to reach for it in the wrong slot.

The basics

両方りょうほう — the noun

両方りょうほう (りょうほう) means "both sides / the two of them" and behaves like a noun. It takes particles, and it can sit anywhere a noun can.

両方りょうほうください。 — I'll take both, please. (polite, in a shop) 両方りょうほうともきです。 — I like both of them. (polite; とも adds "all of them, without exception")

Because it is a noun, 両方りょうほうが, 両方りょうほうを and 両方りょうほうに all work. This is the version to reach for when "both" is standing alone as the thing you are talking about.

どちらも / どっちも — the pronoun

どちら means "which of two", and adding も turns it into "both / either". どっちも is the casual spoken form.

どちらも面白おもしろいです。 — Both of them are interesting. (polite) どっちもいいよ。 — Either one's fine. (casual)

The difference from 両方りょうほう is mostly register and framing: どちらも grows out of a choice ("which one?" → "both"), while 両方りょうほう just names the pair. In practice they overlap heavily and swapping them rarely produces a wrong sentence.

〜とも — attached to a counted number

When you are counting people or things, the counter plus とも means "all of them":

二人ふたりとも学生がくせいです。 — Both of them are students. (polite; 二人ふたり = two people) みっつともこわれていました。 — All three were broken. (polite)

This is the pattern learners most often miss, and the one that sounds most natural for people. 二人ふたりとも is far more idiomatic than 両方りょうほうひと for "both of them" when you mean two humans. Counters themselves are covered in Japanese counters.

Beyond the basics

Why does どちらも sometimes mean "neither"?

Because も with a negative verb means "not any" — the same mechanism that turns なにも into "nothing" and だれも into "nobody". So どちらも carries "both" with a positive verb and "neither" with a negative one:

どちらもきです。 — I like both. (positive verb → both) どちらもきじゃありません。 — I don't like either of them. (negative verb → neither)

Nothing changes except the verb, which is exactly why this catches people out: the "both / neither" distinction lives at the end of the sentence, not in the word you chose at the start. This is the same pattern described in question word + も, and it is worth learning as one rule rather than as a list of exceptions.

〜も〜も — "both A and B"

When the two things are named explicitly, mark each one with も:

いぬねこきです。 — I like both dogs and cats. (polite) ちちははませんでした。 — Neither my father nor my mother came. (polite; negative verb again flips it)

This replaces the particle が or を that would otherwise be there — you say いぬねこき, not いぬもとねこもがき. The same flip applies: positive verb gives "both A and B", negative gives "neither A nor B".

The りょう prefix

りょう also attaches directly to nouns as a prefix meaning "both / the pair of":

Word Reading Meaning
両手りょうて りょうて both hands
両足りょうあし りょうあし both feet
両親りょうしん りょうしん parents (literally "both parents")
両側りょうがわ りょうがわ both sides
両目りょうめ りょうめ both eyes
両国りょうごく りょうこく both countries

両親りょうしん is the one worth noticing: Japanese has no everyday single word for "parents" that is not built from "both".

両手りょうて受け取うけとってください。 — Please take it with both hands. (polite — the standard instruction for business cards and gifts)

What about "either" and "neither" as choices?

  • どちらか — "either one (of the two)", when you must pick.
  • どちらでも — "either is fine", giving the choice away.

どちらかをえらんでください。 — Please choose one of the two. (polite) どちらでもいいです。 — Either is fine with me. (polite — extremely common, and a genuine answer)

どちらでもいいです is worth memorising as a set phrase. It is the standard polite way to say you have no preference, and it is used constantly when someone asks where to eat.

More than two

両方りょうほう and どちらも are strictly for two. For three or more, switch to:

  • 全部ぜんぶ (ぜんぶ) — all of them, things.
  • みんな / みなさん — everyone, people.
  • どれも — any of them / none of them, from a set of three or more.

どれもおいしかったです。 — All of them were delicious. (polite; three or more dishes)

Using 両方りょうほう for three things is one of the clearest small errors in this area, and it is easy to avoid once you know the boundary is literally the number two.

Common mistakes

  • Using 両方りょうほう for three or more. It means two. Use 全部ぜんぶ, みんな or どれも.
  • Forgetting that the verb decides "both" or "neither". どちらも with a negative is "neither", every time.
  • Keeping が or を with 〜も〜も. も replaces them: いぬねこきです.
  • Saying 両方りょうほうひと for "both people". 二人ふたりとも is what people actually say.
  • Translating どちらでもいいです as indifference or rudeness. It is a normal, polite answer meaning "you choose".
  • Mixing up どちらか (one of the two) and どちらも (both). か picks; も includes.

Quick comparison

Form Works with Feel
両方りょうほう Two things, as a noun Neutral, points at the pair
どちらも / どっちも Two things, from a choice Polite / casual; flips to "neither" with a negative
二人ふたりとも, みっつとも A counted number Most natural for people and counted objects
〜も〜も Two named things Both A and B — or neither, with a negative
どちらか Two things, pick one "Either one"
全部ぜんぶ / みんな / どれも Three or more The larger-set versions

Practice

Say each answer out loud first. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair: the same word, one verb apart.

1. In a shop, you want both items. What do you say?

Show answer

両方りょうほうください両方りょうほう is a noun, so it slots straight in before ください.

2. Say "both of them are students" about two people.

Show answer

二人ふたりとも学生がくせいです — counter + とも is the natural pattern for people. 両方りょうほうひと sounds translated.

3. Translate: いぬねこきです。

Show answer

I like both dogs and cats — each item takes も, replacing が or を.

4. Translate: どちらもきです。

Show answer

I like both — positive verb, so も means "both".

5. Translate: どちらもきじゃありません。

Show answer

I don't like either of them — negative verb, so the same も now means "neither". The end of the sentence decides.

6. Someone asks where you want to eat and you have no preference. What do you say?

Show answer

どちらでもいいです — a normal, polite answer, not a dodge. どこでもいいです works for places generally.

7. Three dishes were all delicious. Say so.

Show answer

どれもおいしかったです — three or more, so どれも, not どちらも. 全部ぜんぶおいしかったです also works.

8. What does 両親りょうしん literally mean?

Show answer

"Both parents"りょう as a prefix means "the pair of". The everyday word for parents is built from it.

9. Fix this: いぬもがねこもがきです。

Show answer

いぬねこきです — も replaces が and を rather than stacking with them.

10. What is the difference between どちらか and どちらも?

Show answer

どちらか picks one of the two; どちらも includes both — か chooses, も adds. And どちらも flips to "neither" with a negative verb.

FAQ

Are 両方りょうほう and どちらも interchangeable? Usually yes, for two items. 両方りょうほう names the pair directly; どちらも comes out of a choice between two. Swapping them rarely produces a wrong sentence, only a slightly different emphasis.

Is どっちも rude? No, just casual — it is the spoken contraction of どちらも. Use どちらも in polite conversation and どっちも with friends, exactly like other casual contractions.

How do I say "both of us"? 二人ふたりとも, or わたしたち二人ふたりとも for emphasis. 両方りょうほう works when you are talking about two of something rather than two people.

Why does Japanese use も for "both" and also for "nothing"? Because も means "also / even / inclusively", and inclusion inside a negative sentence becomes total exclusion. One particle, one logic, two English translations.

What is 両方りょうほうとも? "Both of them, without exception" — 両方りょうほう plus the emphatic とも. It is common and slightly stronger than 両方りょうほう alone.

Can I use 両方りょうほう for two abstract things, like two opinions? Yes. 両方りょうほう counts anything that comes in a pair, including ideas, options and plans: 両方りょうほう意見いけん ("both opinions") is completely normal.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

両方	りょうほう — both, the two
どちらも	どちらも — both; neither (with negative)
どっちも	どっちも — both (casual)
どちらか	どちらか — either one of the two
どちらでも	どちらでも — either is fine
二人とも	ふたりとも — both people
全部	ぜんぶ — all, everything
どれも	どれも — any of them (three or more)
両手	りょうて — both hands
両足	りょうあし — both feet
両親	りょうしん — parents
両側	りょうがわ — both sides
意見	いけん — opinion
選ぶ	えらぶ — to choose
壊れる	こわれる — to break
受け取る	うけとる — to receive, accept
面白い	おもしろい — interesting
学生	がくせい — student

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. "Both" is one of those words students assume they already have, until a conversation stops dead because the sentence needed 二人ふたりとも and the only tool in the bag was 両方りょうほう.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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