LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N3Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 17, 2026

場合ばあい: the "if" that belongs on a sign, not in a chat

場合ばあい means "in the event that," and it is the conditional of written procedure: signs, manuals, contracts, station announcements. It attaches to the plain form (あめ場合ばあいは), and unlike たら it does not require the condition to be realistic — which is exactly why rules and warnings use it.

Japanese has four everyday conditionals — と, ば, たら, なら — and learners usually meet 場合ばあい after all of them, at the point where they start reading real Japanese instead of textbook Japanese. Every sign in a Japanese station uses it. Almost no conversation does.

The basics

What does 場合ばあい literally mean?

場合ばあい (ばあい) is a noun meaning "case" or "situation." So あめ場合ばあい is literally "the case in which rain falls." Because it is a noun, everything in front of it is a relative clause, and it attaches the way any noun-modifying clause does.

あめ場合ばあいは、中止ちゅうしします。 — In the event of rain, it will be cancelled. (formal, an announcement) おくれる場合ばあいは、連絡れんらくしてください。 — If you are going to be late, please get in touch. (polite, workplace or school)

The は after 場合ばあい is doing its usual topic job: "as for that case…" You will see 場合ばあいは far more often than bare 場合ばあい.

How does it attach?

Because 場合ばあい is a noun, the rules are the noun-modifying rules — the same ones as 〜とき.

Preceding word Form Example
Verb (non-past) plain form 場合ばあい
Verb (past) plain past った場合ばあい
Verb (negative) ない form かない場合ばあい
い-adjective plain form たか場合ばあい
な-adjective 〜な 必要ひつよう場合ばあい
Noun 〜の 病気びょうき場合ばあい

必要ひつよう場合ばあいは、こちらへお電話でんわください。 — If necessary, please call here. (formal, printed instructions) 地震じしん場合ばあいは、エレベーターを使つかわないでください。 — In the event of an earthquake, do not use the elevator. (formal, a building notice)

That last one is the natural habitat of this grammar. If you have been inside a Japanese hotel, you have read this sentence.

The tense in front of 場合ばあい matters

過去かこ (場合ばあい) means the condition has not happened yet. 過去かこ (った場合ばあい) frames it as already completed at the point the consequence applies.

予約よやくした場合ばあいは、キャンセルりょうがかかります。 — If you have made a reservation, a cancellation fee applies. (formal, terms and conditions)

場合ばあい = "if you go." った場合ばあい = "if you have gone / once you have gone." The difference is small but real, and contracts use the past form deliberately to mean "after the fact."

Beyond the basics

場合ばあい vs たら: realistic vs procedural

たら assumes the condition will probably happen and the sentence describes what follows. 場合ばあい makes no such assumption — it opens a branch in a set of rules.

あめったら、いえにいます。 — If it rains, I'll stay home. (casual-polite, a plan for a realistic possibility) あめ場合ばあいは、中止ちゅうしとなります。 — In the event of rain, the event will be cancelled. (formal, a published rule)

Both are translatable as "if it rains." The first sounds like a person talking about their Saturday. The second sounds like a notice pinned to a wall. Say the second to a friend and you will get a raised eyebrow — it is the register equivalent of saying "in the event of precipitation."

For the full map of the everyday conditionals, see と, ば, たら and なら. 場合ばあい sits outside that set, one shelf up in formality.

場合ばあい vs とき: a case vs a moment

Both attach to noun-modifying clauses, so they look identical in structure. The difference is what they pick out.

  • とき — a point in time. When X happens, Y.
  • 場合ばあい — a case among alternatives. In the case of X, Y.

日本にほんくとき、パスポートをりました。 — When I went to Japan, I got a passport. (polite, a specific moment in the past) 日本にほん場合ばあいは、パスポートが必要ひつようです。 — If you are going to Japan, a passport is required. (formal, a general rule)

The first is a story. The second is a condition in a list of conditions. This is why 場合ばあい almost never describes something that actually happened — it describes a branch that may or may not be taken.

場合ばあいによって: "it depends"

場合ばあい also appears in the fixed phrase 場合ばあいによって(は), meaning "depending on the case" — and this one does show up in conversation.

場合ばあいによっては、無料むりょうになります。 — Depending on the situation, it can be free. (polite, a hedged answer) 場合ばあいによりますね。 — It depends. (polite, the standard non-answer)

場合ばあいによりますね is a genuinely useful sentence. It is the polite Japanese way of declining to commit, and it comes from the same によって covered in 〜によって.

The negative branch: 〜ない場合ばあい

Rules usually need both halves, so the negative version is everywhere on signs.

時間内じかんないない場合ばあいは、キャンセルとさせていただきます。 — If you do not arrive within the time, we will treat it as a cancellation. (very formal, service register)

That させていただきます ending is service-industry Japanese and pairs with 場合ばあい constantly. You do not need to produce it as a learner, but recognizing the pair 〜ない場合ばあいは…させていただきます will unlock a lot of official text.

この場合ばあい / その場合ばあい: pointing at a case you already named

You can also use 場合ばあい on its own with a demonstrative, referring back to a situation just described.

その場合ばあいは、駅員えきいんいてください。 — In that case, please ask a station attendant. (polite, follow-up instruction)

This is the one usage that feels natural in speech, because それ is doing the work and 場合ばあい is just the noun. その場合ばあいは is fine to say out loud.

Common mistakes

  • Using 場合ばあい with friends about real plans. 明日あしたあめ場合ばあいきません is grammatically fine and socially strange. Say あめったらかない.
  • Forgetting the な on な-adjectives. 必要ひつよう場合ばあい is wrong; it is 必要ひつよう場合ばあい.
  • Forgetting the の on nouns. 病気びょうき場合ばあい is wrong; it is 病気びょうき場合ばあい.
  • Using 場合ばあい for a specific past event. 日本にほんった場合ばあいたのしかった is not a sentence. That is とき: 日本にほんったとき、たのしかったです.
  • Dropping the は. 場合ばあい alone is grammatical but reads as unfinished in a rule. 場合ばあいは is the normal shape.
  • Treating 場合ばあい and とき as interchangeable. They overlap, but 場合ばあい cannot describe a moment that actually occurred, and とき cannot open a hypothetical branch in a rulebook.

場合ばあい, とき, たら side by side

Form Register What it does Example
〜たら Everyday, spoken Realistic condition, then a result あめったら、いえにいます
〜とき Neutral A point in time, real or hypothetical くとき、電話でんわします
場合ばあい Formal, written A case in a set of rules あめ場合ばあいは、中止ちゅうしします
〜なら Everyday, spoken Responding to what was just said くなら、くるまきます
場合ばあいによっては Polite, spoken Depending on circumstances 場合ばあいによっては、無料むりょうです

Practice

Questions 4 and 5 are the pair: same clause, とき versus 場合ばあい, and only one of them can describe something that actually happened.

1. Write a notice: "in the event of rain, it will be cancelled."

Show answer

あめ場合ばあいは、中止ちゅうしします。 — Plain non-past verb in front, は after 場合ばあい.

2. Write: "if you are going to be late, please get in touch."

Show answer

おくれる場合ばあいは、連絡れんらくしてください。 — The standard workplace phrasing. たら would sound too casual on a written notice.

3. Attach 場合ばあい to the な-adjective 必要ひつよう.

Show answer

必要ひつよう場合ばあい — な-adjectives keep their な before a noun, and 場合ばあい is a noun.

4. Say "when I went to Japan, I got a passport" — a real past event.

Show answer

日本にほんくとき、パスポートをりました。 — とき, because this actually happened. 場合ばあい cannot do this.

5. Write a rule: "if you are going to Japan, a passport is required."

Show answer

日本にほん場合ばあいは、パスポートが必要ひつようです。 — A branch in a set of rules, not a moment in time.

6. Attach 場合ばあい to the noun 病気びょうき.

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病気びょうき場合ばあい — Nouns take の before 場合ばあい.

7. Give the polite non-answer: "it depends."

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場合ばあいによりますね。 — The one form of 場合ばあい that is completely natural in speech.

8. Write a building notice: "in the event of an earthquake, do not use the elevator."

Show answer

地震じしん場合ばあいは、エレベーターを使つかわないでください。 — Noun + の + 場合ばあいは, then the prohibition.

9. Fix this: 明日あしたあめ場合ばあいかない。(said to a friend about tomorrow)

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明日あしたあめったらかない。 — Grammatically the original is fine, but 場合ばあい turns a casual plan into a published rule. Use たら with friends.

10. Fix this: 必要ひつよう場合ばあいはお電話でんわください。

Show answer

必要ひつよう場合ばあいはお電話でんわください。 — The な is not optional. 必要ひつよう is a な-adjective and 場合ばあい is a noun.

FAQ

Is 場合ばあい N3 or N2? It is normally taught at N3 and appears on N3 exams, but you will meet it in the wild long before that, because it is unavoidable on signs. Reading it is an N4-level skill in practice; producing it correctly is N3.

Can I use 場合ばあい in spoken Japanese at all? Yes, in two situations: その場合ばあいは ("in that case") and 場合ばあいによっては ("depending"). Both are natural. Building a full 〜場合ばあいは conditional out loud will sound like you are quoting a document.

What is the difference between 場合ばあい and さい (さい)? さい is even more formal and means "on the occasion of." ご利用りようさいは is the register of airline announcements. 場合ばあい branches on a condition; さい marks an occasion. If 場合ばあい sounds like a sign, さい sounds like a recorded announcement.

Does 場合ばあい need a comma after it? Not grammatically, but 場合ばあいは is usually followed by a 、in writing because it ends the condition clause. Following that convention makes your written Japanese easier to parse.

Can 場合ばあい take the past form in front? Yes — った場合ばあい means "if you have gone." Contracts use this deliberately to mean the condition is already complete when the consequence applies.

Is 場合ばあい ever read differently? The noun is always ばあい. You may see 場合ばあい inside compounds where is read ば on its own (売り場うりば, うりば), but 場合ばあい as a unit does not change reading.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

場合	ばあい — case, situation
中止	ちゅうし — cancellation, calling off
遅れる	おくれる — to be late
連絡	れんらく — contact, getting in touch
必要	ひつよう — necessary
地震	じしん — earthquake
予約	よやく — reservation
時間内	じかんない — within the time
無料	むりょう — free of charge
病気	びょうき — illness
駅員	えきいん — station attendant
際	さい — occasion (formal)
利用	りよう — use, utilization
取る	とる — to get, to take
使う	つかう — to use
降る	ふる — to fall (rain, snow)
電話	でんわ — telephone, phone call
かかる	かかる — to cost, to take

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. 場合ばあい is the grammar point where students stop asking "is this correct?" and start asking "would a person say this?" — which is the more useful question, and the reason this one is worth learning as a register, not just a rule.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N3

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