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N5Lesson notes · Sep 30, 2026

Already and still in Japanese: もう vs まだ, and the negative that flips both

もう means "already" (with a past verb) or "no longer" (with a negative), and まだ means "still" (with a positive verb) or "not yet" (with a negative) — the two words are mirror images, and the negative is the switch that flips each one.

Learners usually meet もう and まだ in the first month, memorize "already" and "still," and then get confused within a week, because the English meanings keep changing. "Not yet" and "still" feel like different ideas in English. In Japanese they are the same word. Once you see the pattern, four sentences cover almost everything.

The basics

What does もう mean with a past verb?

もう plus a past-tense verb means "already": the thing has happened, and it happened sooner than you might have expected.

もう食たべた。 — I already ate. (casual) もう宿題しゅくだいが終おわりました。 — My homework is already finished. (polite; 終おわる is an intransitive verb, so が marks the homework)

If the past tense itself feels shaky, the past tense in ました and た is the prerequisite. もう does not change the verb at all. It only adds the feeling of "by now."

What does まだ mean with ていない?

まだ plus 〜ていない means "not yet": the thing has not happened, but it is expected to happen eventually.

まだ食たべていない。 — I haven't eaten yet. (casual) まだ来きていません。 — He hasn't come yet. (polite)

This is the pair that trips up nearly everyone. In English, "I haven't eaten" is a present-perfect sentence with no special verb form. In Japanese, the "not yet" state is described with ている, the same ている you use for ongoing actions and results (more on that in the 〜ている form). The idea is "I am in a state of not-having-eaten."

How do you answer もう食たべましたか?

Say はい、もう食たべました for yes, and いいえ、まだです for no. The short answer is まだです, not もう食たべていません.

もう食たべましたか。 — Have you eaten yet? (polite) はい、もう食たべました。 — Yes, I already ate. (polite) いいえ、まだです。 — No, not yet. (polite; the whole answer is just まだ plus です)

The answer いいえ、まだです is worth memorizing as a chunk. It is short, it is polite, and it is exactly what a native speaker says. Adding 食たべていません is also correct, just longer than necessary. And notice that the no is not いいえ、もう食たべませんでした. That sentence exists, but it means something different, and we will get to it in the mistakes section.

The 2x2 table

Here is the whole system on one page:

Positive verb Negative verb
もう 過去形かこけい = already (もう食たべた) = no longer / not anymore (もう食たべない)
まだ ている = still (まだ食たべている) ていない = not yet (まだ食たべていない)

Read it column by column and the logic clears up. With a positive verb, もう says "it's done" and まだ says "it's still going." With a negative verb, もう says "that's over, I've stopped" and まだ says "it hasn't started yet." Both words are about time relative to expectation, and the polarity of the verb decides which side of the timeline you're on.

Beyond the basics

What does もう mean with a negative?

もう plus a negative verb means "no longer" or "not anymore": something used to be true, and now it isn't.

もう行いかない。 — I'm not going anymore. / I won't go anymore. (casual, a decision) もう好すきじゃない。 — I don't like it anymore. (casual) もう行いきません。 — I won't go anymore. (polite)

Compare もう行いかない with まだ行いっていない ("I haven't gone yet"). The first closes a door. The second leaves it open. Same two words, opposite feeling about the future.

What does まだ mean with a positive verb?

まだ plus a positive verb means "still": the state you'd expect to end is continuing.

まだ雨あめが降ふっている。 — It's still raining. (casual) まだ寝ねています。 — He's still sleeping. (polite) まだ元気げんきだよ。 — I'm still doing fine. (casual; a state, no ている needed because 元気げんき is an adjective noun)

Here まだ is usually paired with ている for actions and with a plain adjective or noun sentence for states. It also works with existence: まだ時間じかんがある means "there's still time."

If you have already worked through how Japanese frequency adverbs behave, you'll notice まだ and もう are a different kind of adverb. They are not about "how often" but about "how far along."

How do もう少すこし and もう一ひとつ mean "more"?

Before a quantity, もう means "additional": もう少すこし is "a little more" and もう一ひとつ is "one more."

もう少すこしゆっくり話はなしてください。 — Please speak a little more slowly. (polite request) もう一ひとつください。 — One more, please. (polite, ordering food) もう一度いちどお願ねがいします。 — One more time, please. (polite, asking someone to repeat)

This is a separate use from "already," and it is extremely useful in shops and restaurants. The rule is easy: if a number or a small quantity word follows もう, it means "another" or "more."

How does anime use もういい and まだまだ?

もういい! means "that's enough!" (with anger or resignation), and まだまだだね means "you've still got a long way to go."

もういい! — Enough! / Forget it! (casual, angry or fed up) まだまだだね。 — You've still got a long way to go. (casual, a mentor or rival) まだ終おわってないよ。 — It's not over yet. (casual, a comeback line)

In anime, もういい is the classic door-slam line: the character has given up arguing. It isn't asking whether something is good. It means "I'm done with this conversation." まだまだ (doubled for emphasis) is the mentor's line, said with a smirk, right before showing what real skill looks like. And まだ終おわってない, "it's not over yet," is the line you hear just before the protagonist stands back up.

Common mistakes

  • Saying まだ食たべなかった for "I haven't eaten yet." Use まだ食たべていない (or まだです as an answer). まだ plus a plain past negative does not express "not yet." It sounds like you are describing a past moment where you didn't eat, not the state right now.
  • Answering もう食たべましたか with いいえ、もう食たべませんでした. That says "no, I didn't eat (at that earlier time)," which sounds like you're answering about a specific past event, not asking "by now." The natural "no" is いいえ、まだです.
  • Using まだ with a past verb to mean "still." まだ食たべた is not a sentence in this meaning. For "still," use the ている form: まだ食たべている ("he's still eating").
  • Thinking もう always means "already." With a negative it means "no longer," and before a quantity it means "more." Look at what follows もう before deciding.
  • Confusing the mirror pairs. もう行いかない ("I'm not going anymore") and まだ行いっていない ("I haven't gone yet") are close in sound but opposite in intention: one is a decision, the other is a pending plan.

FAQ

Is もう always "already"? No. It is "already" with a past-tense verb, "no longer" with a negative, and "more/another" before a quantity (もう少すこし, もう一ひとつ). In every case, it points to a change from what came before.

How do you say "not yet" in Japanese? まだ plus 〜ていない, or just まだです as a short answer. まだ食たべていません and まだです both work; まだです is what people say aloud.

Is まだ the same as 「ずっと」 (all along)? No. まだ means "still, not yet," which is about whether a state has ended or begun. ずっと means "continuously, the whole time," which is about the length of the state. まだ雨あめが降ふっている means it's still raining; ずっと雨あめが降ふっている means it has been raining nonstop.

Can you use もう with the present tense? Yes, but it usually means "about to" or "soon": もう行いく ("I'm going now") and もう寝ねる ("I'm going to bed now") describe an action that is about to happen, with a feeling of "that's it, time to go." For "already done," use the past.

What is まだまだ, and is it different from まだ? Doubling まだ makes it stronger and more subjective. まだまだだね is a fixed phrase meaning "you're still nowhere near good enough." It also appears with a positive sense: まだまだこれから, "we're only getting started."

Practice

Build each answer before opening it. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair on purpose: the same question, opposite answers.

1. Say "I already ate" in casual Japanese.

Show answer

もう食たべた — もう plus a past-tense verb means "already."

2. Say "I haven't eaten yet" in casual Japanese.

Show answer

まだ食たべていない — まだ plus 〜ていない means "not yet." It describes the current state of not having eaten.

3. Why is まだ食たべなかった not the natural way to say "I haven't eaten yet"?

Show answer

Because "not yet" is a state, and the state needs ている. まだ食たべなかった describes a specific past moment when you did not eat, not where you stand right now.

4. Someone asks もう食たべましたか, and you have eaten. Answer politely.

Show answer

はい、もう食たべました — a positive answer repeats もう and the past-tense verb.

5. Same question, but you have not eaten. Give the shortest natural polite answer.

Show answer

いいえ、まだです — まだ is the whole answer. This is the pair to question 4: same question, opposite answer, and the answer to "no" is not もう食たべませんでした.

6. What does もう行いかない mean?

Show answer

"I'm not going anymore" / "I won't go anymore" — もう plus a negative means "no longer."

7. How would you say "It's still raining"?

Show answer

まだ雨あめが降ふっている — まだ plus a positive ている verb means "still."

8. What is the difference between もう行いかない and まだ行いっていない?

Show answer

The first is a decision to stop; the second is a plan not yet carried out. もう行いかない closes the door ("I won't go anymore"), while まだ行いっていない leaves it open ("I haven't gone yet").

9. You are at a restaurant and want one more portion. What do you say?

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もう一ひとつください — もう before a quantity means "one more," not "already" and not "no longer."

10. A rival in an anime says まだまだだね. What is the mood?

Show answer

"You've still got a long way to go" — a mentor or rival's line, said with confidence. It is not a compliment.

Answering もう食たべましたか correctly means knowing how a negative flips もう and まだ, so ask and answer a handful of those questions with a teacher in a trial lesson.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

もう	もう — already; no longer; more
まだ	まだ — still; not yet
食べる	たべる — to eat
宿題	しゅくだい — homework
終わる	おわる — to finish, to end
降る	ふる — to fall (rain, snow)
雨	あめ — rain
寝る	ねる — to sleep, to go to bed
元気	げんき — well, healthy
時間	じかん — time
少し	すこし — a little
ゆっくり	ゆっくり — slowly
一つ	ひとつ — one (thing)
一度	いちど — once, one time
好き	すき — liking, fond of
もういい	もういい — that's enough, forget it
まだまだ	まだまだ — still far from (good enough)

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, so most of the example sentences on this blog come from lines I've actually heard students ask about — including もう and まだ, which trip up learners in almost every beginner course. For practice with feedback, Book a trial lesson · $13, or work through Japanese practice exercises first.

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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