LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N2Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 28, 2026

〜にもかかわらず: "despite that" for a fact that should have changed everything, and did not

〜にもかかわらず means "despite," "in spite of," or "even though" — it names a fact strong enough that it should logically have prevented or changed the outcome, and then reports that the outcome happened anyway. 雨あめにもかかわらず、試合しあいは行おこなわれた means "despite the rain, the match went ahead." The rain was a real reason to cancel; the sentence reports that it did not.

にもかかわらず is more formal and more emphatic than plain のに — it is the word you reach for in writing, reports, and speeches when you want to underline how surprising or noteworthy it is that something happened despite a clearly stated obstacle. It always names the obstacle first, then delivers the outcome that defies it.

The basics

Noun + にもかかわらず

にもかかわらず attaches directly to a noun to name a circumstance that should have blocked the outcome, but did not.

雨あめにもかかわらず、試合しあいは行おこなわれた。 — Despite the rain, the match went ahead. (neutral-to-formal, a clear obstacle overridden) 反対はんたいにもかかわらず、計画けいかくは進すすめられた。 — Despite the opposition, the plan went ahead. (formal, a strong obstacle stated plainly)

Both sentences name something with real weight — bad weather, organised opposition — and then report the outcome proceeding regardless, which is exactly the shape にもかかわらず exists to produce.

Plain-form clause + にもかかわらず

にもかかわらず also attaches to a full plain-form clause, not just a noun, when the obstacle itself needs to be described as an event or a state.

十分じゅうぶん練習れんしゅうしたにもかかわらず、試合しあいに負まけた。 — Despite having practiced enough, we lost the match. (formal, effort undercut by the outcome) 忙いそがしいにもかかわらず、彼かれは手伝てつだってくれた。 — Despite being busy, he helped me out. (formal, a favour given against the odds)

The plain form (した, 忙いそがしい) attaches directly before にもかかわらず, with no particle needed in between when the base is a verb or an い-adjective.

Beyond the basics

にもかかわらず vs のに: formality and emphasis

のに (see 〜のに) covers similar ground — an unexpected or frustrating contrast — but にもかかわらず is more formal, more written, and carries a stronger sense of "this genuinely should not have happened."

Form Register Feel
〜のに Casual to neutral Mild frustration or surprise
〜にもかかわらず Formal, written A pointed, almost official contrast

忙いそがしいのに、手伝てつだってくれた。 — He helped me even though he was busy. (casual-to-neutral, a warm, everyday observation) 忙いそがしいにもかかわらず、手伝てつだってくれた。 — Despite being busy, he helped me. (formal, the same fact stated with more weight)

Both sentences describe the same event, but にもかかわらず frames it as more remarkable and formally noted, which is why it appears so often in reports, news writing, and speeches rather than casual chat.

にもかかわらず vs それでも: connecting two full sentences

それでも ("even so," "nevertheless") starts a new sentence, referring back to something already stated, while にもかかわらず sits inside a single sentence connecting the obstacle and the outcome directly.

台風たいふうが近ちかづいている。それでも、彼かれらは出発しゅっぱつした。 — A typhoon is approaching. Even so, they set off. (formal, two separate sentences) 台風たいふうが近ちかづいているにもかかわらず、彼かれらは出発しゅっぱつした。 — Despite the typhoon approaching, they set off. (formal, one connected sentence)

Both are correct and often interchangeable in meaning, but にもかかわらず keeps the obstacle and the outcome tightly linked within one sentence, which reads as slightly more compact and analytical.

〜にもかかわらず and unspoken respect or surprise

にもかかわらず often carries a quiet undertone of respect or genuine surprise at the outcome — praising effort, resilience, or commitment in the face of a real obstacle, rather than simply complaining about a contradiction.

高齢こうれいにもかかわらず、彼かれは毎日まいにちジムに通かよっている。 — Despite his age, he goes to the gym every day. (formal, admiring the effort against a real obstacle)

This is a subtle but real difference from のに, which more often carries frustration or mild complaint — にもかかわらず can carry that same frustration, but just as easily leans toward admiration instead.

にもかかわらず in apologies and formal acknowledgements

A very common fixed use of にもかかわらず appears in formal apologies and thank-yous, acknowledging that someone did something despite an inconvenience to themselves.

お忙いそがしいところ、お越こしいただきありがとうございます。ご多忙たぼうにもかかわらず、ご出席しゅっせきいただき感謝かんしゃいたします。 — Thank you for coming despite your busy schedule; we appreciate your attendance despite how busy you are. (very formal, a standard business courtesy phrase)

This exact courtesy phrasing shows up constantly in business Japanese, emails, and event openings — にもかかわらず is doing the work of formally acknowledging someone's effort or sacrifice, the same kind of register shift covered in 〜ばかり's casual-to-formal spectrum. The ご出席しゅっせきいただき in the example above is the same いただき pattern as ご確認かくにんいただき、ありがとうございます, which thank you in Japanese gives as the standard thank-you-for-doing structure.

Negative clauses attach the same way

When the obstacle itself is a negative fact, にもかかわらず still works, but the negative form needs to be grammatically complete before it attaches.

練習れんしゅうしていないにもかかわらず、上手じょうずに弾ひけた。 — Despite not having practiced, they played it well. (formal, an achievement that defies the lack of preparation)

The negative plain form (していない) attaches the same way a positive plain form would — にもかかわらず itself does not change shape either way.

Common mistakes

  • Using にもかかわらず in casual conversation with friends. It is formal and slightly stiff for everyday chat; のに is the more natural casual choice.
  • Confusing にもかかわらず with それでも. にもかかわらず connects the obstacle and outcome within one sentence; それでも starts a fresh sentence referring back to something already said.
  • Forgetting that a noun attaches directly, with no extra particle. 雨あめのにもかかわらず is incorrect; it is simply 雨あめにもかかわらず.
  • Assuming にもかかわらず always implies complaint. It frequently carries admiration or respect for effort against an obstacle, not just frustration.
  • Using にもかかわらず for a mild, unremarkable contrast. Save it for genuinely notable situations — using it for trivial contrasts sounds overly dramatic or stiffly formal.

FAQ

Is にもかかわらず used in speech at all? Yes, though it leans formal — it appears in speeches, news reports read aloud, and formal conversation, more than in relaxed chat with friends.

Can にもかかわらず express something positive? Yes — it can carry admiration for effort or achievement against real obstacles, such as continuing a habit despite one's age or health.

What's the difference between にもかかわらず and それにもかかわらず? それにもかかわらず starts a fresh sentence referring back to a previously stated fact, functioning like それでも; plain にもかかわらず sits inside one sentence connecting cause and outcome directly.

Does にもかかわらず need a comma or pause after it in writing? It's common but not mandatory — many written examples place a comma right after にもかかわらず to visually separate the obstacle from the outcome.

Is にもかかわらず appropriate in a business email? Very much so — it appears constantly in formal business Japanese, especially in courtesy phrases thanking someone for attending or helping despite being busy.

Practice

1. Say "despite the rain, the match went ahead."

Show answer

雨あめにもかかわらず、試合しあいは行おこなわれた。 — にもかかわらず names the obstacle (rain) and reports the outcome happening anyway.

2. Say "despite having practiced enough, we lost the match."

Show answer

十分じゅうぶん練習れんしゅうしたにもかかわらず、試合しあいに負まけた。 — The plain past form attaches directly before にもかかわらず.

3. What's the difference between 忙いそがしいのに、手伝てつだってくれた and 忙いそがしいにもかかわらず、手伝てつだってくれた?

Show answer

A casual, everyday observation vs a more formal, pointed acknowledgement. — にもかかわらず carries more weight and formality than のに.

4. Say "a typhoon is approaching. Even so, they set off," as two separate sentences.

Show answer

台風たいふうが近ちかづいている。それでも、彼かれらは出発しゅっぱつした。 — それでも starts a fresh sentence referring back to what was just said.

5. Rewrite the same idea as one connected sentence using にもかかわらず.

Show answer

台風たいふうが近ちかづいているにもかかわらず、彼かれらは出発しゅっぱつした。 — にもかかわらず links the obstacle and outcome within a single sentence.

6. Say "despite his age, he goes to the gym every day," conveying admiration.

Show answer

高齢こうれいにもかかわらず、彼かれは毎日まいにちジムに通かよっている。 — にもかかわらず can carry respect for effort, not just complaint.

7. Fix this if it's wrong: 雨あめのにもかかわらず、試合しあいは行おこなわれた。

Show answer

雨あめにもかかわらず、試合しあいは行おこなわれた。 — A noun attaches directly to にもかかわらず, with no extra の needed.

8. Say "despite not having practiced, they played it well."

Show answer

練習れんしゅうしていないにもかかわらず、上手じょうずに弾ひけた。 — The negative plain form attaches the same way a positive one would.

9. True or false: にもかかわらず is a natural, common choice for casual chat with close friends.

Show answer

False. — It is formal and slightly stiff for everyday conversation; のに is the more natural casual choice.

10. In what kind of real-world writing does にもかかわらず appear especially often?

Show answer

Formal business Japanese, such as thank-you phrases for attending despite being busy. — It's a standard courtesy phrase in emails and event openings.

Use a trial lesson to report a surprising result with 〜にもかかわらず, such as 雨あめにもかかわらず試合しあいが行おこなわれた, in a formal news-anchor voice.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

試合	しあい — match, game
行う	おこなう — to hold, to carry out
反対	はんたい — opposition
計画	けいかく — plan
進める	すすめる — to advance, to proceed
練習する	れんしゅうする — to practice
負ける	まける — to lose
忙しい	いそがしい — busy
手伝う	てつだう — to help
台風	たいふう — typhoon
近づく	ちかづく — to approach
出発する	しゅっぱつする — to depart
高齢	こうれい — old age
通う	かよう — to commute, to go regularly
弾く	ひく — to play (an instrument)
出席する	しゅっせきする — to attend

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, and にもかかわらず is one of the words I point to when students ask how to sound more like a news anchor and less like a chatty friend — it's a small formality switch with a big effect.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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