LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 12, 2026

Japanese question words: なに, どこ, いつ, and the full list

Japanese question words slot into a normal sentence in the exact spot the answer would go, and most of them turn into a question just by adding か — the words themselves don't move or change shape.

English rearranges a sentence to ask a question ("You went where?" → "Where did you go?"). Japanese doesn't. You build the statement, drop the question word into the blank, and optionally add か at the end. That's most of what you need — the rest is just learning the words.

The basics

What are the core Japanese question words?

Here is the full set you'll actually use, with readings:

Kanji / kana Reading English Example use
なに なに / なん what なにべる?
どこ doko where どこにく?
いつ itsu when いつる?
だれ だれ who だれる?
どう dou how どうおもう?
なぜ/どうして naze / doushite why どうしていてるの?
どれ dore which (of three or more) どれがいい?
どの dono which + noun どのほん
どんな donna what kind of どんなひと
いくら ikura how much (price) いくらですか?
いくつ ikutsu how many / what age いくつう?

なにべる? — What are you eating? (casual) どこにくの? — Where are you going? (casual, softened with の)

Why does なに sometimes read なに and sometimes なん?

This trips up almost every beginner, and the rule is about sound, not meaning. なに reads なん before で, だ, の, and counters (何人なんにん何時なんじ何個なんこ), and なに almost everywhere else.

これはなんですか。 — What is this? (なん + です) なにきですか。 — What do you like? (なに + が) 何時なんじですか。 — What time is it? (なん + とき, a counter)

If you're stuck between the two, try saying it out loud — なんです and なにが both roll off the tongue more easily than the alternative, and your ear will usually catch the mismatch before your grammar knowledge does.

How do you actually turn these into questions?

Drop the question word into the sentence in the same spot the answer would sit, then add か for a formal/written question, or just rely on rising intonation for a spoken one.

どこではたらいていますか。 — Where do you work? (polite, か makes it clearly formal)

Note the particle: で marks the place an action happens, which is a different job from に — see で vs に.

だれますか。 — Who is coming? (polite)

Note the word order doesn't move — はたらいていますか asks "do you work," and どこで simply slots into the "where" position that already existed in the sentence's structure.

Which question word do you use for "which"?

This is the one place English's single word "which" splits into two in Japanese, and the split depends on grammar, not meaning:

どのほんきですか。 — Which book do you like? (どの + noun — "which" modifying a noun directly) どれがきですか。 — Which one do you like? (どれ — "which" standing alone, no noun attached)

どの always needs a noun glued to it (どのほん, どのひと, どのみせ). どれ stands on its own, the way "which one" does in English when the noun has already been established.

Beyond the basics

How casual can these get?

In real speech, か usually disappears first, and question words often pick up their own casual shortcuts:

なにそれ? — What's that? / What is that supposed to mean? (casual, often said with surprise or mild annoyance) どこくの? — Where are you going? (casual, に often drops too) なんで? — Why? (casual version of どうして, extremely common)

One thing to know before you start answering these: a question word plus も takes a negative verb, so "nothing" and "nobody" are built from the words above — see なにも, だれも, どこにも.

なんで is worth calling out on its own: it's the version you'll hear constantly in casual conversation and anime, while どうして and なぜ feel more written or formal by comparison — なぜ especially shows up more in narration and serious dialogue than in everyday speech.

なんでそんなことうの? — Why would you say something like that? (casual, common in emotional anime dialogue)

How does いくつ work for both "how many" and "age"?

いくつ has two completely separate jobs depending on context, and it's worth knowing both so you don't get caught off guard:

りんごはいくつ? — How many apples? (counting objects) おいくつですか。 — How old are you? (asking age, politely — お adds softness)

Asking someone's age directly with おいくつですか is the standard polite phrasing; the plain いくつ version toward a stranger can feel a little blunt, which is why お tends to attach here specifically.

How do question words sound in actual anime dialogue?

Question words carry a lot of the emotional weight in anime because of how short and punchy they can get. なにそれ!? shouted with wide eyes is a stock reaction shot. どうして…どうして… repeated quietly is a classic grief beat. なんでだよ! barked at a rival carries frustration that "why?" alone doesn't quite convey in English — the で and よ add weight and directness that a flat translation loses.

なにそれ、いてないよ! — What?! Nobody told me that! (casual, surprised/annoyed — very common reaction line)

If a scene's dialogue feels flatter in the English subtitles than the actor's delivery suggests, a question word carrying extra emotional freight is often why.

Common mistakes

  • Reordering the sentence like English. "Where did you go" doesn't need にきましたどこ — the question word replaces the answer's slot, so it's どこにきましたか, in the normal word order.
  • Using どれ with a noun attached. どれほん is wrong; either どのほん (which book) or どれ alone (which one) — never combine どれ directly with a noun.
  • Confusing どうして and なんで in formal writing. なんで is fine in speech but reads as too casual in an email or essay — reach for どうして or なぜ in writing.
  • Forgetting なに needs the right reading before です. なにです instead of なんです is a small but noticeable slip — the sound rule (なん before です/だ/の/counters) is worth drilling on its own.

How to practise it

Pick five question words and write one sentence with each about your own day — where you went, what you ate, who you saw. Then say them out loud dropping the か, using only rising intonation, since that's the form you'll actually use in conversation far more than the textbook か version.

Then watch a short clip with subtitles on and count how many question words are なんで versus どうして versus なぜ. The ratio will tell you a lot about how casual or formal that particular scene is meant to feel — a fast rule of thumb once you've logged it a few times.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 2 and 3 are a pair: the same kanji, two readings.

1. Ask "where do you work?" politely.

Show answer

どこではたらいていますか — で for the place an action happens, and か makes it clearly a formal question.

2. How is なに read in これはなんですか?

Show answer

なんなに takes なん before です and before counters.

3. How is なに read in なにきですか?

Show answer

なに — before a particle like が it is なに. This is the pair to question 2: same kanji, and what follows decides the reading.

4. Ask "what time is it?"

Show answer

何時なんじですか — read なんじ, because とき is a counter and counters take なん.

5. Ask "which book do you like?" and "which one do you like?"

Show answer

どのほんきですか / どれがきですか — どの modifies a noun, どれ stands alone.

6. Ask "why?" casually, in one word.

Show answer

なんで? — the casual version of どうして, and extremely common.

7. Ask "where are you going?" casually, dropping what can be dropped.

Show answer

どこくの? — casual speech drops the に as well as the か, and の softens the question.

8. Ask how many apples there are, and ask someone's age politely.

Show answer

りんごはいくつ? / おいくつですか — いくつ covers both, and the お is what makes the age question polite.

9. Someone asks なにきですか. Say "I don't like anything."

Show answer

なにきじゃないです — a question word plus も needs a negative verb. See なにも, だれも, どこにも.

10. What does なにそれ? convey beyond "what's that?"

Show answer

Surprise or mild annoyance — the inverted, particle-free shape is what carries the attitude.

FAQ

Do I always need か at the end of a question? No — in casual speech か is usually dropped, and rising intonation alone signals a question, the same way English can turn a statement into a question just by raising your voice at the end.

What's the difference between なぜ and どうして? They're close in meaning, but なぜ leans more formal/written and どうして is common in both speech and writing. なんで is the casual spoken version of both, and by far the most frequent in everyday conversation.

Can なに stand completely alone as a question? Yes — なに? on its own, usually read なに, is a natural, casual "what?" — the kind of thing you'd say if someone called your name or made a confusing comment.

Is どんな the same as どう? No. どんな asks "what kind of" and needs a noun (どんなひと = what kind of person). どう asks "how" and typically pairs with a verb like おもう (どうおもう? = what do you think / how do you feel about it?).

How do I ask "how much" for price specifically? いくら is the one for price — いくらですか (how much is it?) is one of the most useful phrases for shopping and travel.

Why do some question words need counters and others don't? なに pulls in a specific counter depending on what's being counted — 何人なんにん (how many people), 何時なんじ (what time), 何個なんこ (how many items) — while いくつ works as a general-purpose "how many" that doesn't require picking the right counter, which makes it a useful fallback when you're not sure of the counter you need.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

何	なに — what
誰	だれ — who
何時	なんじ — what time
本	ほん — book
好き	すき — to like
行く	いく — to go
食べる	たべる — to eat
働く	はたらく — to work
来る	くる — to come
聞く	きく — to hear, to ask
言う	いう — to say
時	じ — o'clock (counter)

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, and question words are usually the first grammar point where a student's textbook Japanese and the Japanese they hear on screen visibly diverge — closing that gap is most of what an early lesson does.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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