LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Talking to real people · Sep 15, 2026

How to say "I''m sick" in Japanese — and why 病気びょうきです is usually the wrong one

"I'm sick" is not one phrase in Japanese. 病気びょうきです means you have an illness — a condition, possibly a serious one — while everyday "I'm not feeling well" is 具合ぐあいわるい or 体調たいちょうわるい. Reaching for 病気びょうき when you have a cold is the single most common version of this mistake.

This matters more than most vocabulary choices, because the words are used at moments when you need to be understood immediately: calling in to work, sitting in a clinic, or telling someone you need to go home.

The basics

The four ways to say you feel bad

Phrase Reading What it actually means
具合ぐあいわる ぐあいがわるい I'm unwell (general, physical)
体調たいちょうわる たいちょうがわるい My condition is off (slightly more formal)
気分きぶんわる きぶんがわるい I feel nauseous / sick to my stomach
病気びょうきです びょうきです I have an illness (a condition)

今日きょうはちょっと具合ぐあいわるいです。 — I'm not feeling well today. (polite, the everyday default) 体調たいちょうわるいので、やすませていただきます。 — I'm not well, so I'll take the day off. (polite, workplace)

気分きぶんわるい is the trap. It sounds like "I'm in a bad mood" and it is not — it is closer to "I feel like I might throw up". If you mean your mood, say 機嫌きげんわるい (きげんがわるい) about someone else, or 落ち込おちこんでいる about yourself.

How do you catch a cold?

With the verb ひく, not なる:

風邪かぜをひきました。 — I've caught a cold. (polite, standard) 風邪かぜをひいているので、マスクをしています。 — I have a cold, so I'm wearing a mask. (polite, explaining yourself)

風邪かぜになる is not how it is said. This is one of those verb–noun pairings that must be learned as a unit — the same category as 写真しゃしんる or お風呂ふろる.

How do you describe symptoms?

Two patterns cover almost everything:

  • 〜がいた — "my ~ hurts". あたまいたい, のどいたい, おはらいたい.
  • ねつがある — "I have a fever". Not ねつです.

のどいたくて、ねつもあります。 — My throat hurts and I have a fever too. (polite, describing symptoms at a clinic) せきまりません。 — My cough won't stop. (polite)

Notice いたい is an い-adjective, so it conjugates: いたかったです (it hurt), いたくないです (it doesn't hurt). If adjective conjugation is still shaky, past-tense adjectives is the thing to fix before a doctor's visit, not vocabulary.

Beyond the basics

How do you call in sick to work?

Japanese workplace absence messages have a predictable shape: apologise, state the condition, state what you will do, apologise again.

申し訳もうしわけありません。ねつがあるため、本日ほんじつはおやすみをいただきたくぞんじます。 — I'm very sorry. I have a fever, so I would like to take today off. (formal, message to a manager)

Three useful words around this:

  • やすむ (やすむ) — to rest, to take time off. やすませていただきます is the polite "I'll be taking time off".
  • 早退そうたい (そうたい) — leaving early. 早退そうたいしてもよろしいでしょうか.
  • 欠勤けっきん (けっきん) — being absent from work (formal, HR-flavoured).

The register here is high, which is why the humble forms from service keigo show up: いただく, ぞんじます, 申し訳もうしわけありません.

What do people say to you when you are ill?

大事だいじに (おだいじに) — the standard "take care / get well". It is said by doctors, pharmacists, coworkers and shop staff, and it ends the conversation. There is no expected reply beyond ありがとうございます.

大事だいじにしてください。 — Please take care of yourself. (polite, said to someone unwell) 無理むりしないでね。 — Don't push yourself. (casual, to a friend)

無理むりしないで is worth having ready — Japanese sympathy for illness leans heavily on telling people to rest rather than asking for details.

大丈夫だいじょうぶですか — and how to answer it

大丈夫だいじょうぶですか is "are you okay?", and the answer is a genuine fork:

大丈夫だいじょうぶです。 — I'm fine. (declining help, or reassuring) すみません、ちょっと… — Sorry, I'm a bit... (trailing off = not fine, said softly)

大丈夫だいじょうぶです also means "no thank you" when someone offers you something, which is why it can be ambiguous. In a health context, tone carries the difference.

Nuance: 気持ち悪きもちわるい vs 気分きぶんわる

Both involve feeling bad, and they are not interchangeable:

  • 気分きぶんわるyou feel ill, typically nauseous.
  • 気持ち悪きもちわるsomething is gross or unsettling, and casually it is a general "ew". It can also mean nauseous, which is exactly why context matters.

Saying 気持ち悪きもちわるい while looking at someone's food is a comment about the food. Saying it while holding your stomach is a comment about you.

At the clinic

You will be asked どうしましたか ("what's wrong?"), and the answer is symptoms in plain order. Bring your 保険証ほけんしょう (health insurance card), expect to be handed a 処方箋しょほうせん (prescription) for a nearby pharmacy, and know that くすり (くすり) is taken with む — even when it is a powder.

三日みっかまえから、ねつせきがあります。 — I've had a fever and a cough since three days ago. (polite; 〜から for the starting point)

Common mistakes

  • Saying 病気びょうきです for a cold. It implies a real illness or condition. Use 具合ぐあいわるい or 風邪かぜをひきました.
  • Saying 気分きぶんわるい to mean "I'm in a bad mood". It means nauseous. Native listeners will look for somewhere to sit you down.
  • 風邪かぜになる. The verb is ひく: 風邪かぜをひく.
  • ねつです. Fever uses ある: ねつがあります.
  • Using くすりべる. Medicine is む, regardless of form.
  • Answering 大丈夫だいじょうぶですか with 大丈夫だいじょうぶです when you are not. It is a real answer, not a politeness ritual — people will take it at face value and stop helping.

Practice

Say each answer out loud first. Questions 2 and 3 are a pair: two words that look like the same idea and are not.

1. You have a cold and want to tell a colleague. Which phrase?

Show answer

風邪かぜをひきました / 具合ぐあいわるいです病気びょうきです would suggest something considerably more serious.

2. What does 気分きぶんわるい mean?

Show answer

I feel sick / nauseous — not "I'm in a bad mood", despite what the words look like.

3. What does 気持ち悪きもちわるい usually mean?

Show answer

That's gross / unsettling — it describes the thing, not you, unless context makes clear you mean nausea.

4. Fix this: 昨日きのう風邪かぜになりました。

Show answer

昨日きのう風邪かぜをひきました — the verb for catching a cold is ひく. Learn the pair as one unit.

5. Say "I have a fever."

Show answer

ねつがあります — fever exists (ある); it is not something you are (です).

6. Translate: のどいたくて、せきまりません。

Show answer

My throat hurts and my cough won't stop — 〜がいたい for pain, まる for stopping by itself.

7. A pharmacist says お大事だいじに. What do you say?

Show answer

ありがとうございます — that is the whole exchange. お大事だいじに closes the conversation.

8. Write a one-line message telling your manager you need the day off.

Show answer

申し訳もうしわけありません。ねつがあるため、本日ほんじつはおやすみをいただきたくぞんじます。 — apologise, give the reason, state what you will do. Formal register is expected here.

9. How do you say you need to leave work early?

Show answer

早退そうたいしてもよろしいでしょうか早退そうたい is the specific word for leaving early. よろしいでしょうか is the formal way to ask permission.

10. Your friend looks unwell. Say something casual and supportive.

Show answer

大丈夫だいじょうぶ無理むりしないでね。 — "You okay? Don't push yourself." 無理むりしないで is the standard casual sympathy line.

FAQ

Is 病気びょうきです ever right? Yes — for an actual illness or chronic condition, and in medical contexts. It is not wrong as a word; it is wrong as a translation of "I feel sick today".

How do I say "I think I'm getting sick"? 風邪かぜをひきそうです ("it seems I'm about to catch a cold") or なんだか具合ぐあいわるいです ("I feel somehow off"). なんだか is useful whenever you cannot name the symptom.

What do I need to bring to a clinic in Japan? Your 保険証ほけんしょう (insurance card) and ID. You will usually fill in a 問診票もんしんひょう (symptom questionnaire) before being seen, which is mostly checkboxes.

Do I say お大事だいじに to a coworker who is not leaving?大事だいじに is a parting phrase — it works when someone is going home or you are ending the conversation. Mid-conversation, 無理むりしないでください or 大丈夫だいじょうぶですか fits better.

What is the difference between やすむ and 休憩きゅうけいする? やすむ is taking time off or resting, including a whole day. 休憩きゅうけいする is taking a short break within an activity. Calling in sick uses やすむ.

How direct can I be about symptoms? Very. Medical Japanese is refreshingly plain — symptoms are listed directly, and there is no expectation of softening. The politeness lives in the framing (申し訳もうしわけありません), not in hiding the information.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

具合	ぐあい — condition, state of health
体調	たいちょう — physical condition
気分	きぶん — feeling, mood; nausea
病気	びょうき — illness
風邪	かぜ — a cold
熱	ねつ — fever
喉	のど — throat
咳	せき — cough
痛い	いたい — painful
薬	くすり — medicine
休む	やすむ — to rest, take time off
早退	そうたい — leaving early
欠勤	けっきん — absence from work
大丈夫	だいじょうぶ — okay, fine
無理	むり — overdoing it, the impossible
保険証	ほけんしょう — health insurance card
処方箋	しょほうせん — prescription
お大事に	おだいじに — take care, get well

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. 気分きぶんわるい is the one I correct most often — it is the rare mistake where being misunderstood gets you a chair and a glass of water you did not need.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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