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Lesson notes · Oct 3, 2026

Happy Birthday in Japanese: 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう and the two things you add for someone older

"Happy birthday" in Japanese is 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう (tanjoubi omedetou) for friends, and お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます (o-tanjoubi omedetou gozaimasu) for anyone you should be polite to.

The two versions differ by exactly two additions, and each one is its own politeness dial. Once you see that, you can also read the hiragana spelling (おたんじょうびおめでとう), decode the texting slang たんおめ, and say a birthday date out loud without tripping on the irregular day readings.

The basics

How do you say happy birthday in Japanese?

Say 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう. 誕生日たんじょうび (たんじょうび) is "birthday" and おめでとう is "congratulations," so the phrase is literally "congratulations on the birthday." There is no word for "happy" in it at all.

誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう! — Happy birthday! (casual, friends and family) 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう、今日きょうはいっぱい食たべてね。 — Happy birthday, eat a lot today. (casual, warm)

That one phrase is enough for most friendships. Japanese people also say it on the day itself or in a message sent that morning, not days ahead, so save it for the date.

What are the two politeness dials: お and ございます?

The お in お誕生日たんじょうび is a polite prefix that softens the noun. The ございます at the end is the polite ending of おめでとう. You can turn each dial on its own, which gives you four versions.

誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう。 — Happy birthday. (casual, both dials off) お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう。 — Happy birthday. (a little soft, お only, common with kids and in friendly messages) 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます。 — Happy birthday. (polite, ございます only, works for a coworker) お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます。 — Happy birthday. (fully polite, both dials on, for a boss, teacher or customer)

If you only learn one polite version, learn the last one. It is never wrong with someone older or senior, and it is not too stiff for a friendly coworker either. For how ございます works in service Japanese, see our note on でございます.

Should you write it in hiragana or kanji?

Both are correct. 誕生日たんじょうび uses kanji that many learners do not know yet, so おたんじょうびおめでとう in hiragana is a perfectly normal way to write it. Hiragana also looks softer and warmer, which is why you see it on cards for children and in friendly messages.

おたんじょうびおめでとう! — Happy birthday! (hiragana, soft and friendly) お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます。 — Happy birthday. (kanji, standard for cards and work messages)

Rule of thumb: kanji for adults and formal messages, hiragana when you are writing to children, to beginners, or when you want a gentler tone. Searching for "happy birthday in Japanese hiragana" gives you the first one, and the meaning is identical.

Beyond the basics

How do you say happy birthday casually, like in texts?

Between friends the phrase shrinks fast. In a chat you will see these:

おめでとー! — Congrats! (casual, the long vowel is stretched in writing) たんおめ! — Happy bday! (texting slang, short for 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう) 誕生日たんじょうびおめでと! — Happy birthday! (casual, final う dropped)

たんおめ takes the first two syllables of たんじょうび and the first two of おめでとう. Use it only with close friends, in chat or on social media. It is the equivalent of typing "hbd" in English, so never send it to a boss.

In anime, a friend who bursts into the room usually just yells 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう with no お and no ございます, and a shy character might say お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう in a small voice. The dials tell you how close those two people are.

What do you say after the greeting?

A bare greeting can feel short in a message, so people add one more line. These are the common ones:

素敵すてきな一年いちねんになりますように。 — I hope you have a wonderful year. (polite, fits cards and messages to anyone) これからもよろしくね。 — Let's keep getting along from here on. (casual, friends) これからもよろしくお願ねがいします。 — I look forward to your continued support. (polite, coworkers; literally "please keep looking after me from here on")

The first is a wish. The other two are about the relationship, which is very Japanese: a birthday is also a moment to say "we are still good, right?" You can combine them: お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます。素敵すてきな一年いちねんになりますように。

What if you are late?

Say so and then say happy birthday anyway. Being late is normal and nobody minds.

遅おくれたけど、誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう! — Sorry I'm late, but happy birthday! (casual) 遅おそくなりましたが、お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます。 — This is late, but happy birthday. (polite, to a senior person)

The pattern is the late-marker (遅おくれたけど or 遅おそくなりましたが) followed by the normal greeting. You do not need a long apology.

Why do people also say ハッピーバースデー?

ハッピーバースデー is the English phrase written in katakana, and it is everywhere: in the song, on cakes, on banners, and in speech when people are being playful. It is not wrong, just less direct than 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう. In real life people sing ハッピーバースデー トゥーユー and then say おめでとう once the song ends.

ハッピーバースデー! ろうそく、消けして! — Happy birthday! Blow out the candles! (casual, party scene)

How is おめでとう used for other celebrations?

おめでとう is the general "congratulations" word, so the same trick of adding ございます works for weddings, graduations and promotions. If you want the full picture, read our guide to congratulations in Japanese. Once you know おめでとう, 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう is just the noun in front of it.

How do you ask when someone's birthday is?

Ask 誕生日たんじょうびはいつですか (tanjoubi wa itsu desu ka), which means "when is your birthday?" Answer with the month and the day: 十月じゅうがつ三日みっかです (jū (jgatsu mikka desu).

誕生日たんじょうびはいつですか。 — When is your birthday? (polite, new acquaintances) 誕生日たんじょうびはいつ? — When's your birthday? (casual, friends) 私わたしの誕生日たんじょうびは十月じゅうがつ三日みっかです。 — My birthday is October 3rd. (polite)

Months are easy: just a number plus 月がつ (一月いちがつ, 二月にがつ, 三月さんがつ and so on). Days are the tricky part, because the first ten days, plus the 14th, 20th and 24th, use older readings.

Day Reading Notes
1日 ついたち irregular
2日か ふつか irregular
3日か みっか irregular
4日か よっか irregular
5日か いつか irregular
6日か むいか irregular
7日か なのか irregular
8日か ようか irregular
9日か ここのか irregular
10日か とおか irregular
14日か じゅうよっか irregular
20日か はつか irregular
24日か にじゅうよっか irregular
11日にち, 12日にち, 13日にち, 15日にち and so on じゅういちにち, じゅうににち... regular: number + にち

Notice that 20日か is はつか, not にじゅうにち. 4日か (よっか) and 8日か (ようか) sound close, and 14日か (じゅうよっか) and 24日か (にじゅうよっか) are easy to mix up with them, so slow down on those. If you need clock times too, our note on telling time in Japanese uses the same number base. For age, a natural follow-up in a birthday chat is the question 何歳なんさいですか, which we cover in how to say your age in Japanese.

Common mistakes

  • Dropping お and ございます with someone senior. 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう to your boss is too casual. Use お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます. The fix is to turn both dials on by default whenever you are unsure.
  • Translating "happy" literally. 幸しあわせな誕生日たんじょうび as a greeting is a word-for-word translation and sounds like a textbook sentence. The fix is 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう, which uses おめでとう (congratulations) and no word for "happy." (As a wish, 幸しあわせな誕生日たんじょうびになりますように is natural.)
  • Wrong day readings. Reading 3日か as さんにち or 20日か as にじゅうにち sounds wrong. The fix is みっか and はつか. The first ten days and the 14th, 20th and 24th must be memorized.
  • Sending たんおめ to the wrong person. It is texting slang for close friends only. For a coworker, write お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます instead.

Practice

Build each answer before opening it. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: the same greeting with the politeness dials off and on.

1. Say "Happy birthday" to a close friend.

Show answer

誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう — the casual form with no お and no ございます, fine between friends.

2. Say "Happy birthday" to your boss.

Show answer

お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます — お softens the noun and ございます makes the ending polite. A boss needs both dials on.

3. What does the お in お誕生日たんじょうび do?

Show answer

It is a polite prefix that softens the noun. The ending ございます is a separate dial, so you can use one without the other.

4. Write "Happy birthday" in hiragana only.

Show answer

おたんじょうびおめでとう — 誕生日たんじょうび becomes たんじょうび and the meaning does not change. Hiragana just looks softer.

5. What is たんおめ, and who can you send it to?

Show answer

It is texting slang for 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう (たんじょうび + おめでとう, shortened). Use it only with close friends, never with a boss.

6. You forgot a friend's birthday yesterday. Say "I'm late, but happy birthday."

Show answer

遅おくれたけど、誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう — the late-marker 遅おくれたけど followed by the normal casual greeting. No long apology needed.

7. Ask "When is your birthday?" politely.

Show answer

誕生日たんじょうびはいつですか — いつ means "when" and ですか makes it polite. The casual version is 誕生日たんじょうびはいつ?

8. How do you read 10月がつ3日か and 10月がつ20日か?

Show answer

じゅうがつ みっか and じゅうがつ はつか — 3日か and 20日か are irregular day readings, not さんにち or にじゅうにち.

9. Why is 幸しあわせな誕生日たんじょうび a mistake as the greeting for "Happy birthday"?

Show answer

Because it translates "happy" word for word. Japanese says 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう, using おめでとう (congratulations), not a word for "happy."

Congratulate a friend and then someone older with 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう in a trial lesson, and add the two things the older person needs.

FAQ

Is 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう enough on its own? Yes, between friends it is complete. For someone you are not close to, add ございます, and for a card you can add a line like 素敵すてきな一年いちねんになりますように.

Can I say おめでとう without 誕生日たんじょうび? Yes, if everyone knows it is their birthday. おめでとう alone is natural in a chat, and it is the general word for congratulations on anything.

Why do some people say ハッピーバースデー instead? It is the English phrase in katakana, used in songs, on cakes and in playful speech. It is friendly and common, just not as standard as 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう in a written message.

What is the difference between おめでとう and おめでとうございます? The ございます version is polite and the plain version is casual. Use the long one with anyone senior, and the short one with friends and family.

Do I need to say it exactly on the birthday? Say it on the day. If you are late, say it anyway with 遅おくれたけど, since a late greeting is better than none.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab, and each line becomes one card.

誕生日	たんじょうび — birthday
お誕生日	おたんじょうび — birthday (polite)
おめでとう	おめでとう — congratulations
おめでとうございます	おめでとうございます — congratulations (polite)
たんおめ	たんおめ — happy bday (texting slang)
ハッピーバースデー	ハッピーバースデー — happy birthday (English loan)
素敵な	すてきな — wonderful, lovely
一年	いちねん — one year
遅れる	おくれる — to be late
いつ	いつ — when
月	がつ — month
ついたち	ついたち — the 1st
ふつか	ふつか — the 2nd
みっか	みっか — the 3rd
ようか	ようか — the 8th
はつか	はつか — the 20th
よろしく	よろしく — please treat me well
ろうそく	ろうそく — candle

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, so most of the example sentences on this blog come from lines I've actually heard students ask about, including this one, which comes up in nearly every beginner's first few lessons. For practice with feedback, Book a trial lesson · $13, or work through Japanese practice exercises first.

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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