LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

だけ vs しか: two words for "only," and one of them is a complaint

だけ and しか both translate as "only," and they are not interchangeable. だけ is neutral and takes a positive verb. しか **requires** a negative verb and adds a judgement: this is less than it should be. 1000えんだけあります is a statement; 1000えんしかありません is a problem.

Learners tend to use だけ for everything, which is safe and slightly flat. Adding しか gives you a whole register of mild complaint that Japanese uses constantly.

The basics

The two shapes

Word Verb Feeling
だけ Positive Neutral fact: this and no more
しか Negative Only this, and that is not enough

一人ひとりだけました。 — Only one person came. (polite past — a plain fact) 一人ひとりしかませんでした。 — Only one person came. (polite past — and that was disappointing)

The English is identical. The Japanese carries an attitude in the second one, and native speakers hear it clearly.

しか forces the negative

This is not a stylistic preference. しか cannot appear with a positive verb:

  • 1000えんしかあります → wrong
  • 1000えんしかありません → right

みずしかみません。 — I only drink water. (polite — literally "I don't drink [anything] but water")

It works like the question word + も pattern: the meaning is positive in English and the Japanese verb is negative, because the sentence is built as an exclusion.

What happens to the particles

だけ can sit alongside を and が, or replace them. しか always replaces them.

With を With が
だけ パンだけべます / パンをだけ… (rare) わたしだけがっている
しか パンしかべません わたししかりません

に and で survive in front of both: 日曜日にちようびにだけ, 東京とうきょうでしか.

このみせでしかえません。 — You can only buy it at this shop. (polite — で survives, then しか, then a negative)

Beyond the basics

だけしか, for emphasis

Stacking them is grammatical and emphatic, and it still needs the negative:

これだけしかありません。 — This is all there is. (polite — resigned, slightly apologetic)

You will hear this from shop staff when something is nearly sold out.

だけ can attach to verbs and adjectives

しか is mostly for nouns and quantities. だけ is freer:

るだけです。 — I'm just looking. (polite — the standard thing to say to shop staff) きなだけべてください。 — Eat as much as you like. (polite — だけ after a な-adjective clause)

るだけです is worth memorising whole. It is the polite, complete answer when someone asks if you need help in a shop.

だけで: "with just this"

これだけでいいです。 — This is enough / just this, thanks. (polite)

だけで covers "with only," and it is how you decline extras without a long sentence.

The size of the number changes which one you want

Compare:

5ふんだけってください。 — Please wait just five minutes. (polite — small, and framed as reasonable) 5ふんしかてません。 — I can only wait five minutes. (polite — and that is a constraint)

Same five minutes. だけ presents it as sufficient; しか presents it as a limit you are up against. Choosing the wrong one makes you sound either oddly relaxed or oddly annoyed.

しか in fixed expressions

Two are worth knowing as vocabulary:

  • 〜するしかない — "there's no choice but to": やるしかない ("we just have to do it")
  • しかたない — "it can't be helped" (a different word historically, but the same resigned register)

もうくしかありません。 — There's nothing for it but to go. (polite)

〜しかない is extremely common in anime dialogue at the moment a character commits to something.

Common mistakes

  • 1000えんしかあります. しか demands a negative: 1000えんしかありません.
  • パンをしかべません. しか replaces を. It is パンしかべません.
  • Using だけ where the situation is a complaint. 一人ひとりだけました reports; 一人ひとりしかませんでした complains. Pick deliberately.
  • Using しか with a positive adjective. たかいしかない is not a sentence.
  • Translating しか as "only" and stopping. The negative verb is part of the grammar, not an extra.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: identical English, different attitude.

1. Say "only one person came," as a plain fact.

Show answer

一人ひとりだけました — だけ with a positive verb reports without judgement.

2. Say "only one person came," implying that was disappointing.

Show answer

一人ひとりしかませんでした — しか plus a negative verb carries "and that is not enough." This is the pair to question 1.

3. Something is wrong here: 1000えんしかあります。

Show answer

1000えんしかありません — しか cannot appear with a positive verb. The negative is part of the grammar.

4. Something is wrong here: パンをしかべません。

Show answer

パンしかべません — しか replaces を and が. に and で survive in front of it.

5. Say "you can only buy it at this shop."

Show answer

このみせでしかえません — で survives, しか follows, and the verb is negative.

6. A shop assistant asks if you need help. Decline politely.

Show answer

るだけです — a complete, natural answer. Worth memorising whole.

7. Say "this is all there is," resignedly.

Show answer

これだけしかありません — stacking them is emphatic, and it still needs the negative.

8. Say "please wait just five minutes" and "I can only wait five minutes."

Show answer

5ふんだけってください / 5ふんしかてません — だけ frames it as sufficient, しか as a limit you are up against.

9. Say "there's nothing for it but to go."

Show answer

もうくしかありません — 〜するしかない is the fixed "no choice but to" pattern.

10. Say "eat as much as you like."

Show answer

きなだけべてください — だけ attaches freely to clauses, where しか mostly wants nouns and quantities.

FAQ

Can しか follow a verb? Only in the するしかない pattern. For ordinary "only doing X," use だけ: るだけ.

Is しか rude? No, but it is loaded. It signals shortage or constraint, so using it about someone's gift or effort would sound ungrateful.

What is the difference from ばかり? ばかり means "nothing but," often with a critical edge about repetition: ゲームばかりしている ("all he does is play games"). だけ is a quantity limit, ばかり is a pattern.

Can I use だけ with a number and no verb? Yes: ふたつだけ ("just two"). It works as a complete answer.

Does しか ever mean "since"? No — you are thinking of 〜てから. The syllables are unrelated.

Is のみ the same as だけ? Yes, in meaning; のみ is formal and written. Signs use it constantly: 関係者かんけいしゃのみ ("staff only").

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

一人	ひとり — one person
来る	くる — to come
円	えん — yen
水	みず — water
飲む	のむ — to drink
店	みせ — shop
買う	かう — to buy
見る	みる — to look, to see
好き	すき — to like
食べる	たべる — to eat
5分	ごふん — five minutes
待つ	まつ — to wait
行く	いく — to go
知る	しる — to know
日曜日	にちようび — Sunday
東京	とうきょう — Tokyo
関係者	かんけいしゃ — staff, people concerned
高い	たかい — expensive

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners who only ever use だけ sound fine and slightly neutral about everything. しか is where you start being able to complain in Japanese, which is a bigger part of sounding natural than anyone admits.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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