LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Start here · Jul 29, 2026

Hiragana, katakana, kanji: which to learn first, and how long each takes

Japanese uses three writing systems at once. This is the fact that scares people off, and it is much less bad than it sounds.

Two of them are small alphabets you can finish this month. The third is large and never really finishes — but you need far less of it than you think to start.

What each one is for

Hiragana (ひらがな) — 46 characters. The grammatical glue: verb endings, particles, and any Japanese word without a kanji. If you learn one thing, learn this.

Katakana (カタカナ) — 46 characters, same sounds, different shapes. Foreign words, names, sound effects, emphasis. Your own name is written in katakana.

Kanji (漢字かんじ — thousands, borrowed from Chinese. Carry the meaning of words. About 2,000 are in general use; a few hundred cover most everyday reading.

The order

1. Hiragana. Non-negotiable, and first.

Everything else depends on it. Furigana — the small hiragana printed above kanji in manga and children's books — means that once you have hiragana, a surprising amount of real Japanese becomes readable.

Realistic time: one to two weeks at twenty minutes a day.

2. Katakana. Immediately after, and slightly annoying.

Same sounds, so no new pronunciation. It feels harder than hiragana for two reasons: the shapes are more similar to each other (ツ and シ, ソ and ン), and you see it less often, so it fades.

The payoff is immediate though. Katakana turns out to be a huge amount of vocabulary you already know: コーヒー, ホテル, チケット, ゲーム, アニメ.

Realistic time: one to two weeks, plus a few months of it being slightly slower to read than hiragana. That is normal and it does pass.

3. Kanji. Slowly, forever, starting later than you think.

Here is the part that gets argued about, so I will be direct: you can hold a conversation in Japanese knowing almost no kanji.

Kanji is a reading skill. It is essential if you want to read a menu, a sign, a novel, or a website. It contributes very little to whether you can talk to a person.

So if your goal is conversation, kanji can wait, or run gently in the background. If your goal is reading manga in Japanese, it starts sooner and matters more. Both goals are legitimate — just be honest with yourself about which one you have, because the study plans genuinely differ.

How to actually learn the two alphabets

Not with an app that lets you tap the right answer from four options. Recognition is the easy half.

Write them. By hand, on paper, saying the sound out loud as you write. Ten characters a day, reviewing everything from previous days. It is dull for eight days and then it is done forever.

Then read something immediately. Anything with furigana — a children's book, a shounen manga, the lyrics to a song you like. Reading real material slowly is what turns "I know the chart" into "I can read."

The mistake to avoid

Do not learn rōmaji as a stage. Learning Japanese in Latin letters first builds a habit you then have to break, and it locks in English pronunciation for sounds that are not English sounds.

Start with hiragana on day one, even though it is slower for two weeks. It is faster by month two.

What "finished" looks like

  • Hiragana: you can read a hiragana word without decoding letter by letter
  • Katakana: you can work out what コンビニ means, slowly
  • Kanji: you recognise the fifty or so that appear on signs, and you stop panicking at the rest

That is enough to start reading real material with furigana, and it is roughly a month of light work.

In a lesson

I do not spend lesson time drilling kana — that is homework, and you can do it alone.

What lesson time is for is the moment after: taking something real, in Japanese, and reading it together slowly enough that it sticks. Bring the first thing you want to be able to read, and we will start on it.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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